April 29, 1899. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
557 
■ " 
pass off. Also rotation of crops is an excellent way 
of preventing, and getting rid of this disease; if 
another crop of this family does not follow again for 
a year or two, the disease becomes as it were, 
starved out; hence the importance of crop rotation 
even from the standpoint of prevention of disease. 
Then we come to another garden pest, which 
sometimes causes serious loss, and that is, those 
fungoids which so often attack the Tomato crops in 
different forms—in the form of blight in the leaf 
called Cladosporium fulvum; also in the form of 
Rot (Black Spot) called Cladosporium Lycopersici, 
which attacks the fruit. 
Now there is no plant that isjmore susceptible to 
the changes of climate than the Tomato, but owing 
to the fact that Tomatos are mostly grown under 
glass those changes should be most scrupulously 
guarded against. 
It is generally supposed that the blight of the 
Tomato leaf is the effect of what is too often 
practised, namely, of trying to force the Tomato 
faster than its nature will allow. 
Notwithstanding the Tomato being a native of 
warm climates it seldom, if ever, subjects itself to a 
forcing temperature in our greenhouses with any¬ 
thing like good grace. 
The atmosphere which the Tomato revels in is 
one that is constantly moving, a buoyant airy 
atmosphere. If the weather is damp and dull outside, 
if a little warmth is kept in the pipes the air of the 
house can be kept in proper condition for the well¬ 
being of its occupants. 
There is also another item which should be strictly 
adhered to in Tomato culture, and that is cleanliness. 
Avoid all manure upon which saprophytical fungi so 
quickly grow; also any manures which smell so 
strongly, must not be allowed to lay upon the soil 
and there constantly evaporate its fumes into the 
atmosphere ; in fact, everything which tends to aid 
fungoid life you should most carefully avoid. 
This blight is a disease which spreads with alarm¬ 
ing rapidity, and if not checked, the leaves very 
quickly present a pale sickly hue, with large yellow 
blotches on the upper side; and the crop soon 
commences to suffer. Therefore, attend to ventilation 
and thus allow the plants to ripen and solidify their 
growth as they go on ; for by this means they will 
not fall such an easy prey to the pest. 
This disease in the Tomato is not an easy pest to 
deal with, and I will tell you why. Bordeaux Mix¬ 
ture, or any of the salts of copper, is a poison, and 
if the fruit is pretty well advanced to retain much of 
the fungicide it becomes a dangerous proceeding; 
therefore, if any fungicides of a poisonous nature are 
used, it is absolutely necessary that it be used early. 
Then we come to the rot in Tomatos (Black Spot), 
and with this pest fungicides of any description are 
almost impossible. This particular pest seems to 
attack the pistil of the flower, and so commences its 
depredations very soon after the fruit is set. As 
soon as this is detected, pick the affected fruit im¬ 
mediately and burn it, and thus prevent the disease 
from reproducing itself. 
There is also another pest which gives trouble in 
some places, and which is sometimes called “ sleep¬ 
ing ” of the Tomato ; but this does not seem to be 
the effect of any fungoid attack, but is to be attri¬ 
buted principally to the cropping of the same soil 
with Tomatos too many times in succession. 
There are cases where the Tomato might be grown 
year after year upon the same beds, with a very little 
of the soil removed. But, on the other hand, there 
are instances where the same soil is tried only for the 
second time, and the results are a complete failure ; 
therefore it becomes a matter of speculation to grow 
the Tomato more than once in the same soil. 
Wherefore it is to avoid this breakdown (perhaps 
in mid-season) that pots and boxes are preferable to 
to planting in the open beds. Possibly, in a new 
bed, a heavier crop may be obtained, but this might 
be the only crop. Then, taking into consideration 
the labour and expense of renewing the beds and the 
uncertainty of taking more than one good crop, it is 
proved that the pots and boxes pay their way best. 
(To be continued.) 
Sweetbrier is one of the most useful subjects with 
which to decorate rooms, on account of the grateful 
odour of the foliage. Some even declare that the 
dried leaves may be used for stuffing pillows. 
Hardening Hiscellany. 
POTATO UP-TO-DATE. 
In April or May of 1897 I obtained one large tuber 
of Up-to-date Potato from Mr. D. T. Fish, who was 
then lecturing at Edinburgh Botanic Garden. He 
advised me to plant it whole and place it deep. I, 
however, made three sets from it and added some 
Mushroom-dung to the soil as I planted. From 
these three sets we obtained enough to plant a 20- 
yards drill. Again in the autumn the increase was 
tremendous, for we took up i£ bushels ! There was 
disease amongst them, though, and they were too 
large to be useful for the fastidious cooks. But as a 
" poor man's Potato," when free from blemish, it is 
a desirable kind.— D. 
CARNATION LIZZIE MCGOWAN. 
Of varieties of tree Carnations there are plenty, yet 
there is always room for a good one. Lizzie Me 
Gowan undoubtedly comes within this category, 
judging by the high favour in which it is held in 
certain quarters. At the Swanley Horticultural 
College, some 4,000 plants of it are grown, and from 
this huge batch are cut large quantities of flowers 
that find a ready sale. The flowers are pure white, 
of medium size, and good shape, the petals being 
notched at the margin. Although a defect from the 
florists' point of view this notching does not detract 
from the appearance of the flower. 
CHORIZEMA ILICIFOLIA. 
For years we have had a large specimen of this hard- 
wooded plant. It grows and flowers, yet never 
a thing it requires except a drop of water now and 
again. Many of our lovely plants are the least 
exacting and Chorizema ilicifolia is one of them. Its 
leguminous or pea-shaped flowers come from the 
shoots in long sprays and are orange and pink in 
colour. The foliage is interesting, though small, and 
portrays miniature Holly leaves. A stock can be 
raised from cuttings taken now or from seeds sown 
in autumn. Give good soil, pot the young plants 
firmly and grow in a cool house. 
SAINTPAULIA IONANTHA. 
What a wee gem we have here for use as an edging 
plant to our stove stages. It is very common now, 
but must yet become very much more common. 
There is also a white flowered variety named alba. A 
4-in. pot is large enough to develope a well-flowered 
little plant, neither the very dark, cordate leaves nor 
the violet-blue flowers requiring much nourishment 
or space. The plant should be raised from seed in 
the same manner as for Gloxinias; the seedlings 
potted fairly firm into rich porous soil, and the 
plants very carefully watered. The stove should be 
its home. 
ERANTHEMUM PULCHELLUM. 
This plant is now known to botanists as Daedala- 
canthus nervosus, but we have headed our note with 
the appellation most commonly used. This is a plant 
all too seldom grown. We have Euphorbia jacquiniae- 
flora which yields us the brightest of scarlet flowers, 
and Plumbago rosea with soft pink trusses ; Gar¬ 
denias afford white flowers; and Linum (Reinwardtia) 
trigynum produces for us the deepest of yellow for 
our winter months in the warm houses. It falls to 
the plant under notice to provide the bonnie blue 
flowers, and it does so, the blue of its axillary blos¬ 
soms being very intense. The leaves are dark green, 
elliptic, three or four inches long, and glossy. Cut. 
tings should be taken any time between March and 
June, inserting them in sandy peat, and striking 
them in a closed case. When rooted pot them into 
4-inch pots separately. A position near the glass 
should be given them till they form serviceable 
plants for the intermediate house. They enjoy good 
soil, full light, not too moist, but a warm atmosphere, 
and must always be kept free from flies, of which a 
number of kinds infest them. 
-- 
NATIONAL FOOTPATH PRESERVA¬ 
TION SOCIETY. 
Footpath Obstruction.—The Law on the 
Subject. 
Footpaths may be obstructed by putting up gales 
and locking them, by making stiles dangerous, re¬ 
moving foot bridges, putting up barbed wire, &c 
The question really is, Who ought to repair the stiles ? 
It is generally understood that the owner should 
keep the stiles in repair, and that if they are so out 
of repair as to become an obstruction anyone is justi¬ 
fied in removing the gate, stile, or whatever the 
cause of the obstruction may be. 
The late Lord Coleridge, C.J., in the case of Hud¬ 
son v. Tabor, decided in 1877, said :—" The mere 
repair of a man's own fence for his own benefit, how¬ 
ever often done, and during however long a period of 
time, will not, per se, although a man’s neighbour 
may in fact benefit by such repair, impose on a man 
the duty of continuing such repair for his neigh¬ 
bour’s benefit when he ceases to care to do so for his 
own." 
Then, in the more recent case of Rundle v. Hearle. 
The defendant was the occupier of two adjoining 
fields, through which ran a public footpath, crossing 
the fence between the two fields by means of a stile. 
The defendant and his predecessors in occupation 
had occasionally done slight repairs to the footpath 
and the stile; but there was no evidence that he or 
they had ever been required by the highway 
authority to do so. The plaintiff, who was using the 
footpath as a member of the public, fell in getting 
over the stile, in consequence of the stile being out of 
repair, and was injured. He sued the defendant, 
charging that he was liable to repair ratione tenurae. 
Held, that the fact of the repairs done by the 
defendant and his predecessors being consistent with 
such repairs having been done by them for their 
own benefit, was no evidence of any liability to re¬ 
pair ratione tenurae. (Vol. II., part 7, Queen’s Bench 
Division, 1898.) 
Lord Russell, C.J., in the course of his judgment, 
said:—" The fact that a person has done repairs to 
a way may certainly be evidence of such liability. 
For instance, in Reg. v. Blakemore, where the defen¬ 
dant was so held liable, the evidence was that his 
predecessor had been convicted of not repairing the 
high road in question in the year 1801, and had sub¬ 
sequently done repairs to it; and in Reg. v. Barker 
the defendant and his predecessors had repaired the 
high road, for the non-repair of which he was in¬ 
dicted, from time immemorial, and on that evidence 
he was found liable. But in each of those cases the 
road was a road for carriages and horses, which is a 
widely different thing from a footpath through fields 
and over stiles. The one requires repairs on a 
system and at certain intervals, from the nature of 
the user, while the other does not, and, on the con¬ 
trary, may never, except on isolated occasions, 
receive any repairs at all. Such a path may be 
dedicated subject to the right of ploughing (Mercer 
v. Woodgate), although the plough would for the 
time destroy all traces of the path ; and after the 
plough has passed the path is in common experience 
trodden out afresh by the passers-by, not made by 
repair or of hard material, for that would be incon¬ 
sistent wilh the passage of the plough at the next 
season. So it may be that in dedicating to the 
public such a pathway through his fields the owner 
may do so without any obligation to repair resting 
on himself or on anybody. It is a path on which 
people may pass if they choose to do so, but they 
must pass along it as they find it, and must take (to 
use the words of Cockburn, C.J., in the case just 
quoted) subject to any condition which the owner 
imposes." 
In auditing the accounts of the Parish Council of 
Wetheral, near Carlisle, and of Upperby, a neigh¬ 
bouring parish, Mr. John Tilley , the district auditor , 
disallowed and surcharged various items, ranging from 
£3 to £4 each, which had been expended by the Parish 
Council upon the repair of stiles and gates upon public 
footpaths. The auditor held that gates and stiles were 
part of the fence and not of the footpath, and held that 
they must be repaired by the person liable to keep the fence 
in repair. The auditor further went on to say that " the 
Parish Council had no lawful authority to repair, main¬ 
tain, or erect gates or stiles upon a footpath or to incur 
expense in so doing." The Local Government Board re¬ 
versed the decision of the auditor. They were of opinion, 
speaking generally, that where an existing stile or gate 
on a public footpath in a rural parish having a Parish 
Council is in so defective a state as to make it necessary 
for the public convenience in the use of the path that such 
stile or gate should be repaired or removed, a Parish Coun¬ 
cil can, under Sub-section 2 of Section 13 of the Local 
Government Act, 1894, effect such repair or removal 
