PLANT ANALYSIS AS AN APPLIED SCIENCE 185 
It serves for many purposes, and enters into the food of some 
nations. In Spain, a kind of soup, made of oil, garlic, and 
bread soaked in water, is eaten by the poorer classes. 
The nuts 1 of Corylus avellana give an excellent table oil; 
it is also used in perfumery. The residue from the extract is 
used for almond confection, and is preferable to that made 
of ordinary almonds. A commerce is made in China of “ Chou- 
lah” 2 obtained from one of the Euphorbiacece. This tallow 
is made into candles, which burn with a brilliant and white 
flame. There is an enormous demand for them. Many other 
plants of the same family furnish this oil. The genus Bassia, 
of the Sapotacece family, yields several important fats, among 
which is one known as Galam butter. This vegetable butter 
can replace animal fats, and is largely used in soap-making. 
The annual report of the manufacturers of linseed oil alone 
for one year was figured at high rates, but the manufacture 
and uses of this oil are too well known to need more than a 
mention. 
Olive oil in the American Pharmacopoeia is replaced by 
cotton-seed oil. 3 
The supply of cotton seed •— Gossypium — is obtained 
from several countries, and may be said to be inexhaustible. 
The Southern States of North America contribute the largest 
quantity by millions of tons. A large proportion is not worth 
the expense of transit, and is burned for fuel and given to 
stock for fitter. A considerable quantity is used in the manu¬ 
facture of decorticated cotton cake and oil. Egypt is said to 
grow a superior quality of seed, and England derives her 
principal supply from there. Improvements in the method 
of irrigation are said to have increased the annual quantity, 
but the average of past years has been about 250,000 tons. 
The seeds yield some twelve to twenty per cent, of oil. The 
oil in appearance, taste, and smell resembles fresh olive oil. 
The fixed oils are chemically glycerides and are principally 
composed of glycerin, in combination with oleic, palmitic, 
1 Pennetier, p. 750. 2 Ibid., p. 752. 
3 “Notes on Cotton-Seed Oil,” by W. Gilmour. Am. Jour. Pharm., No¬ 
vember, 1885, p. 565. 
