September 30, 1899. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
78 
bushes, and to apply the proper or best known 
remedy, or to take steps for the prevention of the 
spead of the insects. 
The tabulated matter runs across two pages in 
five columns, the first of which contains the English 
and entomological names, with a reference to the 
work in which further details may be found. The 
second column indicates the period at which the 
eggs are laid, and the part of the bush or tree on 
which they are deposited. The average date of 
appearance of the larvae is recorded in the third 
column ; while the particular wash necessary for the 
destruction of the pest comes into the fourth column. 
The time to apply the remedy comes into the fifth 
column. Insects that attack the Apple, either the 
leaves, fruit, or bark are the most numerous, but the 
enemies of the Cherry, Pear, Quince, Raspberry, 
Strawberry, and Walnut all have their enemies, 
and are here recorded. The method of preparing 
the various insecticides and insectifuges is dealt with 
in the second part of this useful and carefully pre¬ 
pared list. 
PEAR MARGUERITE MARILLAT. 
The number of Pears in cultivation is very great, yet 
highly meritorious varieties continue to be raised by 
enthusiastic growers on the Continent. Ctriain it 
is, also, that a good sort, no mat er where it is 
raised, sooner or later finds its way here. That 
under notice has been with us for some years, and 
is evidently destined to stay as a valuable, early or 
second early Pear, either for the dessert cr the ex¬ 
hibition table. It is in perfection during the latter 
part of August and the early part of September: 
but for exhibition purposes it keeps good to the end 
of the latter month at least; and the Royal Horti¬ 
cultural Society schedules a class for it annually, 
at the Crystal Palace Fruit Show. The fruit is of 
large size, much the widest above the middle, and 
of handsome appearance, though never highly 
coloured. The flesh is richly juicy, and its luscious 
sweetness is accompanied by a pleasant aroma. 
The tree is sturdy, hardy, and proves well adapted 
for culture on the Quince as a dwarfing stock for 
cordons, espaliers or pyramidal specimens. The 
variety is of French origin. The shape of an 
average specimen is well pourtrayed in the accom¬ 
panying illustration, for which we are indebted to 
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Royal Exotic Nur¬ 
sery, Chelsea. 
—- . -- 
All transplanting of fruit and other trees, with root 
pruning where this has to be done, commences at 
this time. Where the foliage has assumed a 
yellowish or quite matured stage the trees may with 
the best results be operated with or shifted. Many 
growers require or at least would like to have a few 
new varieties of different fruit trees. These should 
now be made out in list and ordered from a good 
fruit nursery firm. The aim with growers should be 
to make a selection of varieties to last over a period 
and also of those kinds which are successfully grown 
in the particular district in which the grower resides. 
Of course this does not restrict one from trying new 
varieties of merit. I would also point out that old 
trees are not always to be depended on. They may 
fruit freely or they may not. If they do all is well. 
If they do not then there is a loss and something 
else has to be reckoned on. When trees become of 
gigantic size, especially if they are early varieties 
and have to be used at once, there becomes a glut of 
fruit at one time and unless the requirements are 
likewise extensive much fruit will not be appreciated. 
Cordon-trained fruits, especially Gooseberries and 
Currants seem to be more and more grown. These, 
if properly treated can be roped with fruits, and they 
have the advantage of being adapted for filling small 
spaces and many odd corners. Their treatment so 
far as pruning, pinching and regulating is concerned 
is also of the simplest. 
Currants are all wholesome fruits and may be 
put to many uses. For. tarts or for jam and jelly 
great quantities are used. They can be grown 
beneath other fruit trees such as standard Pears, 
Apples or Plums, with advantage to the owner’s 
purse. Black Currants do fairly well in the shade, 
better, perhaps, than Red or White Currants. They 
are all ornamental enough for wall decoration and 
with the fact cf their giving a fruit return as well one 
wonders that fruit trees of various kinds should not 
be more frequently employed. Gooseberries do v eil 
on trellises and heavy returns may be got from those 
so grown. 
Raspberries we have had until the present 
time in some abnortral seasons. They last over a 
long period, however, and are worthy of extended 
culture. From a small space it is wonderful how 
large a quantity can be got from them. The Cooks 
are never at a loss to know what to do with them. 
Raspberries always do best in theshady side of a fruit 
garden and they prefer a heavy,moist, rich soil. Young 
suckers can now be taken and planted. Sewage 
should be used around both Gooseberries and Rasp¬ 
berries. In the old days growers used even to go so 
far as to bury the whole dead oxen or smaller animals 
close to the roots of their Gooseberries. In pruning, 
which will soon commence, either Gooseberries, 
Currants, or anything else the question of what 
implement is best, must arise to one. For quick 
work and in careful hands I prefer a pruning knife. 
Others again would rather have the shears or seca¬ 
teurs. One is always sure of making a clean and 
sloping cut by using a knife, but with the shears if 
the shoots happen to be at all soft or flabby and the 
shears in poor condition—they soon get out of 
order toe—the shoots are'apt to break or twist off, 
leaving snaggs. Leave a moderate supply of young 
wood on the Gooseberries; close prune the Currants 
(Red and White), though there must be extension 
wood provided for ; take out the old wood on Rasp¬ 
berry plantations ; leave the strongest and youngest 
shoots on the Blackcurrants and mulch as much as 
there is manure for. Raspberries are generally seen 
to in this respect. Apples and Pears will soon be 
ready for the pruning knife too, for in a week or two 
the leaves will be off the branches.— J.H.D. 
,. . ugg-g. - 
Kitchen Garden Calendar. 
Since writing my last notes we have been visited 
with a sharp frost or two, which in many places has 
cut down French Beans, Marrows, and o:her tender 
vegetables that were left uncovered. The supply in 
such has therefore been somewhat reduced, unless 
others are had in reserve in cold frames or pits, 
where the gardener must now look for bis supplies of 
the choicer kinds. 
French Beans will not make much progress after 
the next month until the days begin to lengthen ; it 
will therefore be necessary to have a greater reserve 
in case such are required. To keep up a constant 
supply frequent sowings should be made, say once a 
fortnight or every three weeks according to the 
requirements of the establishment. As it will take 
from eight to ten weeks (or even longer in the dull 
months) from the time of sowing till the Beans are 
ready to gather, this will necesitate having four or 
five lots at different stages of growth to keep up a 
supply ; and, as such will require a lot of space to 
accommodate them, it will be well to utilise this to 
the best advantage. Where pits are at command 
these are the most serviceable for the production of 
this crop as a more uniform moisture can be main¬ 
tained in the soil with less labour. To save time 
with successional crops the seeds may be sown in 
4 in. pots about the time gathering is commenced 
on the first sowing. Tbe plants will then be 
sufficiently advanced for planting out when all have 
been picked Two seeds should be put in a pot and 
these ought to be stood on a shelf near the glass 
where a temperature of about 65° can be maintained. 
If planted on a gentle hot bed growth will be both 
robust and rapid. There are numerous varieties 
suitable for forcing, but those having the most fleshy 
pods, quick in growth and free setters are the most 
desirable. One of the best we have tried is named 
Earliest of All. This is of the climbing type but 
does not grow more than two feet high. The pods 
are of good flavour and set freely. Osborn’s Negro, 
Syon House and many others are all suitable for 
forcing, and may be relied on lo give satisfaction. 
Peas that w ere sown on borders with a view of 
having temporary lights put over them, ought now 
to be afforded such protection, otherwise they are 
liable to be cut down by tbe first frost. These late 
sowings often prove very serviceable, as sometimes 
the weather is mild till far on in October, when good 
well filled pods may be gathered. I have seen 
splendid green rows as late as the middle of that 
month in the Peak district, where one would scarely 
expect to find such so late in the season. 
At this time of the year all places look somewhat 
untidy. The decaying leaves of vegetables, those 
falling from trees together with a luxuriant growth of 
weeds all add to the labour of keeping the place tidy. 
In many instances it is lost labour to be so particular 
about these fallen leaves, as in the course of a few 
hours the place is as untidy as ever again. The case, 
however, is different amongst growing crops, 
particularly small seedlings of Lettuce, Endive, 
Onions, Cabbage, Cauliflower, and tbe like, as these 
should be allowed all the light and air possible to 
keep them sturdy; and this cannot be so long as 
dead leaves are hanging about them. For this reason 
all such quarters should be looked over daily and any 
Pear Marguerite Marillat. 
