June 9, 1900. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
851 
other plants as Ericas, Boronias or Begonias are 
placed, and perhaps in touch with the stem, and 
above the pot plants,sprats of Gypsophilaelegansor 
something like it. On one occcsion we remember 
Mr. Fleming to have used long flowering shoots of 
Euphorbia jacquiniaeflora, making them arch over 
from the axils of the lower leaves of tall Cocos plu- 
mosa. Fresh Maidenhair Ferns in five inch pots 
were very freely used, and look where you 
would not a single opening could be found. The 
finish was perfect. Only the brightest, freshest, and 
most graceful decorative plants are ever employed. 
At the same time this Temple group of Mr. Fleming’s 
seemed to be just a little too compact. 
Next to it was Laing's beautiful tuberous Begonias, 
Very noticeable in the centre of the group was the 
single yellow crested variety named Cristata. It is 
useless to speak of the possibilities contained in these 
crested Begonias, of which several specialists have 
forms. Not a great deal of interest seems to be 
excited by them ; still, a finely crested, loosely built 
Begonia bloom, so long as it was strong would be 
useful for floral decorations. 
The tyro’s methods of describing plants unknown 
to them are the source of much amusement to those 
unto whom plants are as part of themselves. It was 
rather surprising to hear a young gentleman ask of 
a friend “ What are those things with the leaves like 
Rhubarb ? "—pointing to beautiful Caladiums ! But 
this was equalled by another amateur gardener who 
saw Mr. Jones' splendid bright blood-red crimson 
Carnation bearing his own name. Wishing to 
impress her friend with her knowledge of plant 
crossing she ventured the suggestion—" It is quite 
distinct; I should take it to be a cross between a 
Rose and a Camellia ! ” 
The Messrs. Rivers’ fruit trees in pots won the 
general admiration of visitors. In one cluster, we 
counted fifteen large Cherries borne at the apex of a 
last year’s shoot. This was on a bush tree of that 
best and earliest of black Cherries, Guigne Annonay. 
All over the bushes (which were models of cleanli¬ 
ness, good culture and training), there were many 
other clusters. Knight’s Black (not here shown) is 
also a splendid early Cherry. Belle d’Orleans is a 
sturdy growing variety, with broad dark foliage. 
Governor Wood, an early red variety, judging by a 
remark made by an expert, is one of the best selling 
varieties in cultivation, as the expert just mentioned, 
had planted sixty thousand young trees in his 
nursery. 
Stepping along to Jackman’s Clematis, one species 
more than any other, attracted the visitor's attention 
—that was Clematis coccinea. It is a free flowering 
plant, and when trained as a bush, or balloon fashion 
and studded with its somewhat bottle or vase shaped 
flowers, with orange-scarlet base and creamy yellow 
tips, it is charming. There were of course many 
other lovely varieties; and if another might be 
mentioned it would be Fairy Queen. 
Both in Messrs. Ware’s and Messrs. Cannell & 
Son's group, the names of military heroes, conspic¬ 
uous in the present war, were also prominently 
dotted about as the names of certain new varieties of 
flowers. Lord Roberts came in for a full 
share of distinction. The Begonia of that name 
which received an Award of Merit, and which we 
describe under ‘ Plants Certificated," bears an extra¬ 
ordinarily fine bloom. G. W. Valentine is another 
of their new ones. Baden-Powell and Mrs. Baden- 
Powell as seen on Messrs. Cannell’s stand have 
much promise. Their Cannas, however, were the 
forte, and,in a passing remark one of their represent¬ 
atives enthusiastically said: " Sell ? why, selling in 
tons! ’’ This is sufficient to prove how very fine 
“ Cannell's Cannas ” are. 
The Messrs. Barr & Sons, of King Street, Covent 
Garden, had even a greater selection of alpine plants, 
and cut herbaceous and bulbous flowers (including 
Narcissi and Tulips In wonderful diversity) 
than ever they had before. The dwarf Japanese 
trees, recently imported from those eastern 
islands, were quite a revelation to many. Messrs. 
Cheal’s wonderful topiary models, with the “ Cock-a- 
doodle-doos " which pleased the children, the puppies 
begging for a biscuit, and the ship in sail, were very 
amusing. But space necessitates a stoppage. We 
had thought to give lists of really fine varieties of 
Spanish Irises, Tulips, Azaleas, and other things. 
These however must be held. over. 
ORCHID NOTES & GLEANINGS. 
By the Editor. 
The following Orchids were in flower at Kew, on the 
ist of June :—Bletia hyacinthina, Stenoglottes loogi- 
folia, Pleurothallis gelida, P. semipelliccida, Bifren- 
aria Charlesworthii, Cymbidium lowianum, Odonto- 
glossum crispum, O. Rossii majus, O. triumphans, 
O. maculatum, O. Coradinei, O. cordatum, Masde- 
vallia coccinea caerulea, M. harryana lilicina, M. c, 
Lindeni, Oncidium concolor, Miltonia vexillaria, 
Maxillariapraestans, Physisophon Moorei, Cynorchis 
compacta, Dendrobium jamesianum, Masdevallia 
triaristella, Angraecum scottianum, Cypripedium 
carnusianum, C. barbatum, C. b. giganteum, C. 
Curtisii, C. Victoriae Mariae, C. nigritum, C. niveum, 
C. mastersianum, Selenepedium grande, S. cari- 
cinum, S. calurum, S. dominianum, S. Roezlii, Cory- 
anthes macrantha, Vanda sauvis, V. tricolor, 
Microstylis congesta, Phalaenopsis sanderiana, 
Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, D. Parishii, D. devon- 
ianum, D. jerdonianum, Oncidium luridum, O. flex- 
riosum.O. phymatochilum, Sobralia Lowii, Ansellia 
humilis, Pbaius Bensonae, P. Veitchianus, 
Epidendrum subpurum, Laelia cattleya high- 
buriensis, L. c. Hippolyta, Cattleya labiata 
Mossiae, C. I. autumnalis. C. 1 . Mendelii, 
Epidendrum elegantulum, Laelia cinnabarina, 
Odontoglossum cibrosmum, Cymbidium lowianum, 
Sobralia macrantha, Cattleya citrina, Brassia 
verrucosa, Maxillaria tenuifolia, and Calanthe 
Dominii. 
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 
BAVARIA. 
" Certain cities, such as Munichjand Nuremberg, 
certain highland resorts in the south, commonly 
associated in the tourist mind with Tyrol—these are 
all that the name Bavaria conveys to us in ordinary 
conversation. Lovers of the arts may add Bayreuth, 
far away in the north, planted against the granite 
knot of the Fichtelgebirge; while travellers to 
Vienna may remember something of the Danube 
plain, and of the banks of Willows between Regens¬ 
burg and Vilshofen. Bavaria, however, with its 
plateaux and its devious by-ways, offers a variety of 
geological features, and is rich in scenic contrasts. 
. . . Nothing could differ more in character than 
the two roads from Nuremberg to Kelheim, down 
the slope of the same geological formation. They 
divide at Neumarkt, and the one takes to the valley 
of the Suiza, joining the finer Altmuhl river at 
Beilngries. Such towns as Berching, and ether 
scenes unknown to Baedeker, conspire to give this 
route an air of high romance. The other road runs 
across the plateau, bare and uniform, until it drops 
into the ravine in which even the Danube runs at 
Kelheim." Thus writes Prof. Cole in the June 
number of Knowledge. “ The structure of the great 
part of Bavaria has led to the formation of walled 
towns at every market-centre. In many cases, these 
are merely clusters of houses, intimately connected 
with the farmlands that lie beyond their gates. 
However, in a population brought together for mutual 
protection, division of labour soon arises, and the 
lower floors of many houses become turned into the 
shops of specialists. Other ground floors to this 
day, even in Rothenburg, are used as stabling for the 
cattle ; and at morning the cows are driven out 
through big barn doors from beneath the houses of 
the burghers, and are brought in again at evening 
within the protection of the walls. The whole his¬ 
tory of this open country is typified in the story of 
its towns. The collective voice of what was once a 
settlement of agriculturists became in due course 
represented in the Rathhaus, where civic custom 
soon held sway ; the craftsman, at first a necessary 
adjunct, became the critical purchaser and con¬ 
troller of the products of the farms; the great- 
grandsons of the men who dug the moat and built 
the ramparts learnt to carve the most exquisite 
panels on their house-fronts, and turned their proud 
and self centred city into a sort of Gothic Florence. 
From the farrier and the maker of rude weapons 
sprang the men whose art in metal-work was destined 
for the table of an Emporor. Yet still, at every turn, 
the inflocking peasantry, the slow ox-waggons, the 
shop-windows full of scythes or apple-baskets, pro¬ 
claim the absolute dependence of the city on the 
open plateau round it." 
VISITS TO NURSERIES. 
Messrs. Little and Ballantyne, Carlisle. 
The historical town of Carlisle, in Cumberland, 
has been long known to horti- and arboriculturists 
and others, through the name of Messrs. Little & 
Ballantyne. 
The firm first and foremost specialises trees and 
shrubs. They have, the honourable distinction of 
being nurserymen and wood-foresters to Her 
Majesty’s Government. Their trade at the same 
time includes farm and garden seeds, and implements, 
with fruit-trees, herbaceous plants, and decorative 
flowering and foliage plants. 
Landscape gardening contracts, and contract 
planting comes within their domain. It is no wonder, 
then, that a firm with these connections, and with 
such a period of past history—a period of 88 years, 
—should have their fame tinkling in every corner of 
the Kingdom. 
The business offices and warehouses are conveni¬ 
ently situated close to the busy station at Carlisle, 
while the nurseries are placed at a distance of about 
one mile and a quarter from the south-east side of 
the station. The situation of the nursery is well ex¬ 
posed, and from the sturdy growth of the trees and 
shrubs, the soil seems admirably adapted for their 
growth. A system of frequent transplanting is in¬ 
stituted so that stock from this Carlisle firm is noted 
for its safe planting qualities, largely due to the 
abundance of fibrous roots. It will serve to give an 
idea of the quantity of young trees and shrubs of all 
sorts that are planted, when it is stated that of 
Larch alone, no less than 7,000,000 plants are in the 
nursery. The Kuowefield Nursery, at Carlisle, is 
very extensive. 
The avenue leading to the nursery from the public 
highway, is a sample for all planters to go by. It 
is so very varied, yet withal complete,—not patchy, 
and so perfectly pleasing to our sense of the beauti¬ 
ful, that at first it charms one. If this is what 
the firm can do merely with the idea of showing 
their stock to advantage, (for the planting, while 
beautiful, is on the nursery principle of having 
groups of one species here, and of another there) 
what can they do when effect and that alone, is their 
object ? But as most of the subjects composing the 
belts of the avenue will be separately noticed as we 
go along, nothing further need be specified in this 
connection. 
Having sought out Mr. Arthur, who is manager 
in these nurseries, under his able direction 
we recently made an inspection of this large nursery- 
Acres upon acres are filled with Larch in various 
sizes, all of which have been raised by the 
" Littletyne ” firm (" Littletyne ” is the telegraphic 
address of the firm). The Japanese variety (Larix 
leptolepis) is also extensively grown and find consi¬ 
derable favour with the firm, on account of its 
superior hardiness, quicker growth, and finer 
beauty. The seeds of the Larch are sown in 
long beds, from which the seedlings in due 
course are transplanted. From the highest point in 
the nursery the far-away caps of the Skiddaw and 
Scawfell Mountain tops are plainly visible. 
Breadths of Ash trees, Planes, Walnuts, and 
Pines si retch in goodly columns outward on many 
sides. We had also the pleasure of seeing how 
thousands, or rather millions, of Rhododendrons are 
raised from seeds. Beds with raised turf walls 
(than which material there is nothing better) run 
parallel to each other a yard apart, ana in these beds 
the seeds are sown. Loose Spruce branches are 
placed over the top of the beds during the severest 
part of the winter, to yield a slight protection 
to the little seedlings. All the finest named 
hybrids are here, and, of course, extensive lots of the 
commoner varieties for more liberal planting. 
Hybrid Perpetual Roses in the best named varieties 
are grown to afford the purchasers a wide range of 
selection. They are all of stout and healthy growth 
fit for any position in gardens of all aspects. 
The "Golden King ” Holly, anew variety raised by 
this firm, is an exceedingly handsome subject. It 
possesses the bright yellow colouring which makes 
Golden Queen so popular, and as it originated as a 
sport from the vigorous and hardy Hodgensii, its 
constitutional qualities are superior to the pretty 
" Queen." It has received six First-class Certifi¬ 
cates both at home and on the Continent, and as a 
valuable addition to this class of decorative subjects 
it is only a question of time when it will be exten- 
