grapha atra *maciClaris Fr. L. E., p. 367, fide Nyl. Arth., /. 95. 
Exs. Norrl., n. 232, 233.—A common and widely dispersed, prob¬ 
ably cosmopolitan lichen, of which many varieties have been made, 
some of them of little account. 
^ ar. Swartziana, (Ach.) Nyl. Apoth. larger, more rounded 
and entire, somewhat convex, the spores rather larger.— A. Suuartz- 
iana Ach. L. U., /. 142, Syn ., />. 5. A. astroidea var. Nyl. Arth., 
p. 95, Almq., p. 36. A: vulgaris var. Schcer. Spic., p. 246. 
Opegrapha atra * macular is 'Fuck. Syn., 1848, p. 75, fide Nyl. 
Arth., p. 96. A. c era sin a Chev. Par., p. 541, and A. populina 
Mass. Ric.,p. 5o, fide Nyl. 1 . c. A. betulicola Mass. Descr., p. 12, 
fide Am., Flora 1884, p. 647.—Europe, United States. 
1 ‘. cinerascens, Ach. Smaller, more slender, angulose-difform. 
— Syn., p. 5, Am. Flora 1881,/. 202. 
Var. melantera, (Ach.) Almq. Thallus from ash-colored be 
coming black, shining, somewhat fatty. Apoth. appressed, plane, 
suborbicular or rarely oblong, rugose.— A. melantera Ach. L. U., 
p. 143. A. obscura var. Syn., p. 7. A. radiata var. Almq., p. 36. 
A. astroidea var. Am. Flora 1881, p. 203. A. sorbina Kbr. Pg., 
p. 265, exs. 11. 20, fide Almq., but which in Nyl. Pr. Gall., p. 167, 
is referred to var. Swarziana. A. sorbina Norm. Spec. L. nat., p. 
120, is the sam e,fide Almq., the apoth. innate, plane, angulate, the 
hymenium fuligineous, with thick, distinct, parallel paraphyses. 
Var. hyparcha, Ach. L. U., p. 146, does not differ from typical 
A. astroidea; and varr. stellulata and tynnocarpa ibid., p. 146, are 
smaller and little marked forms, fide Nyl. Scand., p. 259. Var. 
opegraphina Ach. Syn., p. 6, is characterized as having depressed, 
linear, submarginate, or crowded, convex difform, substellate, scab¬ 
rous apoth. As to “A. opegraphina Ach.fi Leight. Grevillea 
1872, p. 59, and t. 4 f. 7, see A. gregaria. According to Am. Flora 
1881, p. 204, the name opegraphina is superfluous. 
Var. applanata, Wain. Apoth. maculaeform, difform, dilated, 
plane, within dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, .014-16 by .005-6 mm. 
— Adjum. H, p. 157.—Scandinavia. 
Var. angustata, Wain. Apoth. narrow, simple or radiate, a 
little more elevated, the disk almost cleft.— Adjum., 1 . c. —Scandi¬ 
navia. 
Var. olivacea, Wain. Like the preceding var., but the epithe- 
cium sooty olive-colored. Spores .013-16 by .005-6 mm.— Adjum. 
1 . c. —Scandinavia. 
Var. subparallela, Mull. Arg. Thallus white. Apoth. small, 
somewhat parallel, crowded or more often somewhat solitary, here 
and there suborbicular.— Beitr., n. 129.—Switzerland. 
280. A. subastroidea, Nyl. ( non Anz.) Thallus thin, white. 
Apoth. appressed, dilated, stellate lobate, plane or a little convex, 
