126 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
October 20, 1900. 
of the soil, and the prospects of the season. You 
should, in fact, select a time when the weather is 
open and the soil sufficiently dry for working—say 
sometime in February, and not later than the first 
week of March, but the earlier the better. 
Hottest and Coldest Places on the Earth’s Sur¬ 
face .—Omega : The hottest partsof the earth’s surface 
we believe to be in Africa, probably in the Desert of 
Sahara, where the sand gets sufficiently hot to roast 
eggs. Naturally, there is no shade under such con¬ 
ditions, as the sun beats down upon the naked sand. 
We do not know the temperature. The coldest part 
of the earth’s surface occurs in the northern parts 
of Siberia,the temperature being many degrees below 
zero during a great portion of the year. The plains 
are covered with ice for two-thirds of the year, and 
the short summer is relatively hot. The waters of 
the rivers that flow into Lake Baikal do not rise 
above 41 0 during the hottest days of summer. The 
waters of the lake itself do not rise above 54'5 P in 
the height of summer. 
Ribston Pippin Grown on Heavy Land.— W. 
Thrower: Your Apples must, indeed, be in a very bad 
condition if they are all like those sent us. They 
are remarkably stunted, and would seem to indicate 
more than one evil cause at work. The uneven and 
lumpy character of the surface gives us the impres¬ 
sion that they have been injured at an early period 
of their career by a severe storm of hail. The round 
spots of a russety hue seem to show the effects of a 
broken skin while yet quite small. Your trees are 
not thriving, however, and some of them may be 
suffering from canker owing to the unripened condi¬ 
tion of the wood which would get injured or killed 
in winter. We imagine that the roots are down in 
the clay subsoil and want raising, perhaps, also root 
pruning, which may be done during this month or 
the early part of next. If the trees are large you 
should do half this autumn and half of each 
tree during next autumn. At 3 ft. from the trunk 
of the tree take out a trench 2 ft. deep or more 
so that you may be able to shorten back the 
roots that spread beyond this, as well as those that 
go directly down into the soil. Next autumn when 
you complete the root pruning lift the tree up bodily, 
and put some barrow-loads of good soil (old potting 
bench material or good rotted loam). Road scrap¬ 
ings containing grit and possibly horse droppings, 
form excellent material for mixing with the ordinary 
soil and placing around the roots. If the soil is wet 
most of the year you should plant the trees almost 
or quite upon the surface, heaping the earth over 
them. The scourings of ditches containing much 
grit and unctuous, muddy matter laid down by water 
make good compost for the roots of trees, especially 
after they have lain and rotted for a time. After 
root-pruning mulch the ground with short manure. 
This should encourage the trees to make good 
growth and produce clean fruit, by getting rid of 
canker. Small trees can, of course, be lifted and 
replanted at once. 
Names of Fruits— G. Bailey: Apples: i, Cox’s 
Orange Pippin ; 2, Duchess of Oldenburg ; 3, Lady 
Henniker ; 4, Lord Grosvenor ; 5, Mere de Menage ; 
6, Bramley’s Seedling. Pears: 1, Beurre Clairgeau ; 
2, Emile d’Heyst ; 3, Duchesse d'Angouleme ; 4, 
Pitmaston Duchess ; 5, Duchesse d'Angouleme; 6, 
Conseiller de la Cour. 
Names of Plants.— Adam Burnett: 1, Aster 
Novae-Angliae ruber ; 2, Silphium perfoliatum ; 3, 
Rudbeckia subtomentosa ; 4, Helenium autumnale ; 
5, Helenium pumilum; 6, Chrysanthemum uligino- 
sum; 7, Helianthus rigidus.— Omega : 1, Aster 
diffusus horizontalis ; 2, Aster Novi-Belgii densus.— 
1, Anemone japonica elegans ; 2, Chrys¬ 
anthemum coronarium flore pleno var.; 3, Cratae¬ 
gus Pyracantha ; 4, Symphoricarpus racemosus— R. 
M. : 1, Solanum jasminoides; 2, Lycium barbarum ; 
3.Salvia azurea grandiflora ; 4,Mentha Requieni.— A. 
T. 1, Gaultheria procumbens ; 2, Hibiscus syriacus ; 
3, Berberis vulgaris; 4, Rhus glabra laciniata; 5, 
Aster Novae-Angliae pulchellus. — A. D. N. : 1, 
Polystichum aculeatum ; 2, Polystichum Lonchitis' 
National Chrysanthemum Society. 
AUTUMN FETE, 
ROYAL AQUARIUM, WESTMINSTER, 
Noy. 6th, 7th, 8th, 1900. 
THE GREAT VASE CLASS in St. Stephen’s Hall. 
Specimen plants and blooms of Chrysanthemums; 
Groups Floral Decorations; Fruit. 
R. Sydenham's special prizes for vegetables. 
Schedules of Urines on application to— 
RICHARD DEAN, Secretary 
Ealing, London W 
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N.B.—Single Plants are sold at 
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GENERAL CATALOGUE 
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containing some hundreds oi 
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LONDON IN THE TIME OF THE DIAMOND JUBILEE 
By E. C. COOK and E. T. COOK, M.A. 
DARLINGTON’S HANDBOOKS 
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VISITORS TO LONDON SHOULD USB 
LONDON AND ENVIRONS. 
By E. C. COOK and E. T. COOK, M.A. 
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Llangollen : DARLINGTON & CO. London: SIMPKIN & CO. 
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THE "LOUGHBOROUGH ” 
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THE ORCHID FLOWER HOLDER 
(patented). 
A useful invention for Orobld Growers and Floral Deoorators 
Price,per dozen, 3 i. 9 d., post paid. 
USUAL DISCOUNT TO THE TRADE. 
A Remittance respectfully requested with all Orders 
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ALFRED OUTRAM, F.R.H.S. 
7, Moore Park Road, Fulham, 
LONDON, B.W. 
RUBBER STAMPS 
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SPECIALLY DESIGNED OUTFIT 
FOB 
3, Lastrea dilatata ; 4, Litobrochia vespertilionis ; 5, 
Polypodium pectinatum; 6, Asplenium ebeneum._ 
E. S.: 1, Colchicum autumnale; 2, Aster Novi- 
Belgii laevigatus ; 3, Aster dumosus.— A. W. : i, 
Cordyline (Dracaena) australis; 2, Blechnum occi¬ 
dentals ; 3, Pteris cretica albo-lineata ; 4, Adiantum 
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Communications Received. — A. L. — T. B —W. 
B. G.—J. Miller.— J. H S — J. Mavne — W B G — 
] Dinewall. —A M — T. D—H. C — T. B.—W M 
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TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
Frederick W. Kelsey, 150, Broadway, New York. 
Specialities: Choice Hardy Trees, Shrubs, Roses, 
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Catalogue, a Valuable Book of Reference in Horti¬ 
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Wm. Clibran & Son, Oldfield Nurseries, Altrinc¬ 
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