December 29, 1900. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
275 
THE NEXT 
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1901. 
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BRITISH ORCHIDS. 
BY A. I>. WEBSTER. 
Author ot ‘ Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees, and Shrubs. 
“ Hardy Conifers.” 
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THE CHRYSANTHEMUM RUST. 
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"Gardening is the purest of human pleasures, and the greatest 
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tit lla^ing 
Edited ty J. FRASER, F.L.S. 
SATURDAY , DECEMBER 29 th, 1900. 
USEFUL INFORMATION 
and WORLD’S ATLAS. 
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Ji^ATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RoCK GARDENS.- 
~ "" 1 0 a certain extent all rockeries, de¬ 
serving the name of “ garden ” must be 
artificial to a greater or less extent ; but in 
some situations most of the material may 
be ready to hand and only require develop¬ 
ing- This cannot be the case where the 
land is relatively level, and there are no 
rocks, hill or mountain to assist the builder. 
In such cases the rockery must be wholly 
artificial,whether it is elevated or built above 
the ground or sunk below the level of the 
same. If on any large scale, in flat situ¬ 
ations the ground must be skilfully 
undulated, so that, by elevating the ground 
in places, depressing it in others and plant¬ 
ing trees and shrubs, the rockery will be 
isolated more or less from its surroundings, 
and make it impossible for the eye to survey 
the whole scene at once. On the other hand 
it may be sunk below the level of the ground 
throughout the whole or most of its extent, 
thus making the work of isolation a matter 
of comparatively easy accomplishment. To 
make a large, elevated rockery appear part 
of a level piece of ground would be a difficult 
or impossible operation, On the other 
hand if it is sunk below the ordinary level, 
the visitor can enjoy that repose and isola¬ 
tion which gives to the prospect the appear¬ 
ance of being natural. The trim, straight 
edgings and walks, associated it may be 
with a formal flower garden, or even a 
kitchen garden, or other objects of a purely 
utilitarian character,are screened from view, 
and the charm of a rockery, however arti¬ 
ficial, is greatly enhanced. 
The hand of nature, so to speak, would 
be more visible in rock gardens that are 
constructed under or at the side of rocks, 
hills or mountains as the case may be. Like 
Mahomet we can go to the mountains, 
because the latter will not come to us. Not 
every would-be builder, however, can go 
there ; but such as are situated in proximuy 
to elevations of greater or less extent can 
adopt the idea and turn it to practical 
account. We have seen a continuous cas¬ 
cade or a series of them, having an extend 3d 
length of a mile or two on mountain slopes 
and could wish to see the lower reaches 
utilised for adding to the beauty or even 
the grandeur of a rockery. In some parts 
of the British Isles these mountain streams 
are being utilised, where they make their 
descent in the vicinity of private establish¬ 
ments. During dry weather in summer 
these streams resemble cascades of silver 
flashing in the sunshine, but after a thunder¬ 
storm or a heavy rain of even short 
duration, the streams become mountain 
torrents, foaming with white spray through¬ 
out their length. In many cases such tor¬ 
rents would be distinctly detrimental to the 
interests of a rock garden ; but the streams 
can and should be tapped at a sufficient 
elevation to get the force of water required, 
and have the inlet strictly limited at all 
times so that no overpowering force of 
water could ever reach the stream actually 
watering the garden, or otherwise orna¬ 
menting the same. In such circumstances 
it would he easy to form cascades of various 
designs, pools and poods of varying size 
and shape, all adapted for the growth of 
some kinds of plants. 
Such rockeries as the above would 
necessarily be situated in mountain dis¬ 
tricts, and likewise at a low elevation in 
order to secure the necessary shelter of 
trees and shrubs ; and as a matter of course 
homesteads are always so situated for the 
same reason. As far as Alpine plants are 
concerned shelter from the prevailing winds, 
chiefly west winds, and moisture are two of 
the principal things to keep in view. In 
order to regulate the temperature at low 
elevations partial shade will have to be 
provided for and this can be secured by 
trees and shrubs placed at a sufficient dis¬ 
tance away not to overhang the plants in 
any way. A large proportion of the plants 
placed on rockeries, however, delight in 
direct sunshine, and must be planted where 
they will receive it. Watering, particularly 
in districts where the rainfall is relatively 
scanty, will have to be given in dry periods 
or seasons; but the skilful builder will 
obviate this as far as possible by construct¬ 
ing the artificial portions of the rockery so 
that the roots of the plants will have access 
to an ample depth of soil, so that when 
thoroughly established they will be fairly 
independent of the weather in the majority 
of cases. 
Furthermore, when building rockeries, 
two things will have to be kept in view, 
namely, the ornamental effect of the 
general plan, and the suitability of the 
various portions for plant growth of some 
kind or other. One will have to modify the 
other, that is, ornamental effect will have 
to be subservient to utility ; otherwise the 
building of stonework might be carried to 
such a height or in such a form as to render 
the growth of plants impossible owing to 
