February 2, 1901. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
363 
biennial varieties there are the Canterbury Bells 
(Campanula Medium), which are worth planting 
freely in the garden and shrubberies Of the 
perennial varieties I must first mention Campanula 
or Platycodon grandifiorum Mariesi, and the 
beautiful white variety album, two very beautiful 
plants for the flower borders, which open out their 
blooms almost flat, and do not care to be disturbed. 
Then there is the beautiful peach-leaved Bellflower, 
C. persicifolia, also the varieties alba and grandi- 
flora. Campanula glomerata, a native kind, is fine, 
and has varieties called alba and dahurica. Very 
suitable for the rockery are C. muralis, pulla, G. F. 
Wilson, pusilla. garganica, and Raineri. Although 
this list is far from exhaustive some of the best will 
be found among it.— A. Thatcher, Elstree. 
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FROIT TREE STOCKS. 
Stocks are employed (ist) for the propagation of 
varieties of cultivated fruit trees, (2) to modify the 
habit of growth, and (3rd) to fit varieties to the 
peculiarities of different soils. 
Without the agency of the stock we should be 
unable to rapidly increase any special variety, and at 
the same time retain the fine qualities of the parent 
tree. 
Apples. 
Let us for example take a few pips from some 
fine Apple, say Worcester Pearmaio, and sow 
them. In two years we have a fair sized seedling, 
and by grafting it on to a fruiting branch of an old 
tree we are rewarded by some show of fruit in the 
fourth season. 
Were wa now to carefully examine the fruits 
taken from each seedling graft, the chances are that 
none would come up to the high standard of the 
parents, and that each fruit would in all probability 
differ in colour, size, and flavour. 
It is thus evident that for the rapid propagation of 
varieties we are entirely dependent upon the differ¬ 
ent stocks. 
When a stock is of a slower growth than the 
variety it supports, its vigour is arrested ; the tree 
reaches a fruiting stage sooner, and ripens its fruit 
and wood earlier. 
For each type of cultivated fruit tree we have as a 
stock its corresponding wild species, which as a rule 
produces a strong, deep-rooting, healthy tree specially 
suited for orchard standards. 
There are also other fibrous, shallow-rooted stocks 
which exercise a more or less retarding influence 
over the varieties they control, and are thus 
employed for forming pyramidal or bush trees. 
The following are the principal stocks used for the 
Apple The Crab, the Free Stock, the Paradise, 
and the Burr-knot. 
The Crab is raised from the seed of the Wild 
Apple, which should be sown in autumn or early 
spring in beds 3 ft. or 4 ft. in width ; or in drills 1 ft. 
apart. 
When 2 in. to 3 in. high the seedlings are thinned 
out and bedded where they remain for about two 
yea s, when they are lifted and sized, the strongest 
atd stoutest being planted in lines where they remain 
UDtil ready for “ working,” i.e., grafting. 
The Crab is a strong, quick growing stock, best 
suited for the making of orchard standards, and 
varieties on it do not reach a fruiting stage so quickly 
as on the Paradise, but afterwards compensate for 
this in that they live a longer life. 
The Free Stock is produced from pips of the 
Apples used in the production of Cider, and is not 
so rampant in growth as the Crab, while its root 
system is more fibrous. 
The Paradise or Doucin stock comprises many 
varieties of which the French and Dutch have three 
each, and the English two. The former is much 
too weak in constitution for this country, except in 
congenial soils and sheltered situations. We are 
dependent upon the latter, both of which come from 
old English nurseries and are better than the 
French, &c.; in that they swell with the scion. 
The Broad-leaved and Nonsuch Paradise stock, 
criginated by the late Mr. Rivers, are both splendid 
for the forming of healthy, fruitful trees. This is 
the D »arfing-stock for the Apple and is used for the 
formiog of early fruiting Dwarf Bush or Pyramidal 
trees. It is raised from cuttings, layers, or suckers. 
The Burr-knot partakes of the nature of the Para¬ 
dise, but is little used. 
Plums. 
For propagation of the Plum the follow¬ 
ing stocks are usedThe Common, Mussel, 
Brompton, St. Julien, and Myrobolan or Cherry 
Plum. Of these the Common, Mussel, and Myro¬ 
bolan are the sorts most in demand for the general 
requirements of the nurserymen. 
The Myrobolan has many advantages over the 
others (at least so far as I can speak from experience), 
in that it induces a free healthy growth, prevents 
suckers, and when Plums worked on other stocks are 
affected with aphis, those on this stock are invari¬ 
ably clean. 
For the forming of orchard trees the Mussel and 
Cherry Plum are preferable; and for bushes the 
others are best. Plum Stocks are raised from seed 
iD much the same manner as Apples, the stones 
being sown in drills or beds and covered with 
about 2 in. of soil. 
The seedlings are lifted, root pruned and placed 
in nursery lines until strong enough for working. 
Apricots, Peaches, and Nectarines. 
The above are raised either on seedling or Plum 
stocks. Budded on " non-suckering " varieties of 
Plums, such as Myrobolan or Mussel, the Apricot 
becomes fitted for almost any soil. The St. Julien is 
recommended as being the best for Peaches and 
Nectarines. 
Cherries. 
Cherries are budded or grafted on the Wild Cherry 
or Gean, the Dwarf (Cerasus Caproniana) and the 
Mahaleb. The Gean is perhaps generally used for 
all varieties but is specially suitable for the " Heart ’’ 
and Bigarreau Cherries. 
The dwarf and Mahaleb being shallower rooted 
and more of a dwarfing nature, they suit |£e Duke, 
Kentish, and Morello varieties. 
Cherry stocks are raised in the same manner as 
described for Plums, only the stores do not require 
to be covered to the same depth. 
Pears. 
The Pear is by no means fastidious in the way of 
stocks, and takes readily on all the species of the 
genus Pyrus, but for all practical purposes only two 
stocks are used : the Pear for standards, or orchard 
trees, and the Quince for dwarf bushes. 
The Quince has been largely employed on the 
Continent forlcenturies, but was little known in this 
country until the beginning of the past century. It 
has long, slender, fibrous roots near the surface of 
the ground, and is much superior to the Pear stock 
for the production of rich, melting fruit. The Pear 
and Quince are raised from seed in much the same 
manner as described for Apples. 
Double Grafting. 
The theory of "double grafting ” is somewhat like 
this :—Supposing we wish to graft a certain variety 
of Pear on to the Quince which we have found to 
refuse to unite kindly with that stock, we first graft on 
a variety which does take well, and grows vigorously, 
and when it is established we cut it back, and graft 
on the desired variety. 
The following varieties of Pears do not grow freely 
on the Quince, and might well be double grafted:— 
Jargonelle, Gunsel's Bergamot, Autumn Bergamot, 
Seckle, Marie Louise, Monarch, &c. When at 
Dalkeith lately I found numerous instances of double 
grafting, and one variety particularly, Citron des 
Carmes, which does well on Williams' BonChretieD, 
being of much finer quality than when only worked 
singly. 
We are thus able to modify the dislike of the 
scion to stock, and are enabled to grow a healthy, 
fruitful tree. 
There is yet another interesting aspect in double 
grafting. By grafting a free bearing variety of 
Apple, such as Hawthornden, on to a)Crab, and then 
at two years re-graft with a fine but shy bearing 
dessert variety, we are enabled to procure a much 
greater amount of finer fruits than we could other¬ 
wise have. 
Double graftings of Cherries can also be carried ' 
out with good effect. The common Morello budded 
on the Mahaleb, and afterwards with Heart and 
Bigarreau will form a moderate sized tree and fruit 
abundantly.— W. L., Edinburgh. 
CULTURE OF CYTISUS. 
The species of Cytisus are propagated by 
cuttings taken in August and placed under bell- 
glasses or hand lights, these being in the shade. 
When rooted pot off into thumb pots and place 
them in cold frames, secure from the frost, till the 
month of May. They may then be potted on, using 
a compost of one-third leaf mould and two-thirds 
turfy loam with some sand. They should be potted 
rather firmly, and during growth they should be 
pinched once or twice. Again in September a larger 
shift, according to the size and vigour of the plants, 
should be giveD, but it is wise to use too small 
rather than too large pots, that is, do not over-pot 
whatever you do. In October, when frosts are 
imminent, remove the plants to a cool greenhouse. 
During their growth the plants delight in beiDg 
nicely syringed, and this should be done at a time 
when the sun is not very strong upon them. Cytisus 
scoparius andreanus, C. racemosus, and C. nigricans 
are the most popular sorts. A great many plants 
find their way from Belgium to this country.— R. 
-a*.- 
GARDENERS’ GRIEVANCES. 
We often hear the remark, “ Let us try to leave the 
world better than we found it." The late Queen 
Victoria who has just passed away had taken that as 
her motto, and lived to see it fulfilled to a remark¬ 
able degree. I think gardeners, as a class, might 
make a determined effort towards this achievement 
also ; and I am convinced that before the young 
century could reach its teens at least some of the 
gardener’s troubles could be lessened, if not alto¬ 
gether rembved. Let us have the manliness and 
courage of our convictions to give our candid 
opinions on these grievances and how they might be 
remedied. I agree with " Young Gardener " in last 
week's issue when he says gardeners are more 
brotherly than many other tradesmen. At the same 
time it would not touch our pockets much or exhaust 
onr kindliness if head gardeners would arrange with 
each other even more than is done to get suitable 
advancements to their worthy assistants instead of 
in many instances drive all through the same mill. 
Your correspondent " Nil Desperandum," seems to 
think that it is perseverance that is required to get 
to the top rungs of the ladder. This is true only to 
a certain degree. With regard to raising the 
general standard of pay, I am afraid that is a ques¬ 
tion more with landowners or their factors, and as 
the most of them are poorer than formerly, gar- 
eners must just accept the wage that is going.— J. 
C. Dick, Linlithgow . 
This is an excellent discussion, and will help many 
young gardeners who are more or less dis:ontented 
with the prospects of life before them, but who have 
a •' first, only love" for gardening. These 
ambitious young gardeners do really want help, 
either by correspondence or friendly advice; as 
their lot is not a particularly happy one during the 
time they are acquiring their knowledge of the 
profession. 
In the first place one of the grievances we have 
are the many uncertain years of training we have to 
do in different gardens before we can claim even a 
third-class appointment as head. I cannot see any 
remedy for this. We must make it as much as 
possible a labour of love, and take our calling more 
seriously as if it were all we live for ; also make a firm 
determination to gain a prominent position in the 
gardening world. 
There are many steps in the ladder of success and 
all young gardeners who aim at the top, and who 
have not influential friends, will have many hopes 
and ambitions dispelled, but he must struggle on and 
improve his knowledge and education by every 
possible means available, and remember, that unless 
he has made himself efficient, he will not be able to 
give satisfaction even when he has the opportunity. 
Then with our kind editor’s permission I will add 
a few words on the training of young gardeners. 
Well, I am certain that it is absolutely necessary to 
serve a number of years in large gardens; not 
necessarily to gain knowledge in cultural skill, but 
to the wellbeing of the young gardener. My 
opinion is that a young gardener trained in small 
establishments (we will suppose there are six or 
eight gardeners) finds it practically an easy matter 
to win respect and admiration for his diligent work ; 
whereas in a large establishment he will have fifty 
or sixty young gardeners, who, like himself, are 
anxious to win the respect and admiration of their 
employers. Will he not gain in the long run by 
competing with other ambitious young men ? Cer¬ 
tainly he will. 
Then another point; in small establishments 
