July 27, 1901. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
765 
There appears to have been from this time till the 
advent of “ Grew " in England and “ Malpighi” in 
taly a period of at least half a century, that little 
progress was done. “Grew” and "Malpighi” were 
really the first who entered into the study of plants 
in any way worthy of the name since the days of 
Theophrastus, 2,000 years before. It has been said 
that this revival of the philosophical side of the 
study was greatly due to the powerful influence that 
Sir Francis Bacon’s philosophy must have had on 
all civilised Europe. Be that as it may, great 
praise is due to the labours of these two celebrated 
botanists. Their labours were necessarily in a field 
practically unexplored, save the few existing records 
made by Theophrastus. This was the only finger 
post or guide they had to lead them, and truly it 
will be admitted on all hands that it was not much. 
They were patient and philosophic in their research 
after truth, and succeeded in due time to cast a 
measure of light on the mystery of plant life, 
hitherto unknown, a matter which did not fail to 
make the subject of such interest and importance 
that from this period it has steadily made progress 
onwards among the other sciences. The impulse 
given to the subject by these two men naturally 
drew the attention of other talented persons, some of 
whom directed their talents to the matter of 
a methodical arrangement—the want of such was 
now becoming a serious question. 
“ Ray ” and " Tournefort ” have a special piace 
among the most successful in inventing methods 
which were not only of immense value at the time, 
but served the purpose till the gigantic scheme of 
the immortal Linnaeus came to revolutionise every 
system, suggestion, and method that ever went, 
before. To the credit of ‘'Ray” attaches the 
honour of laying down the primary suggestions of a 
natura system. This was about 1682. Neverthe¬ 
less, " Tournefort's ” system was at the time held 
with more general favour, and the French school 
adhered to it till it was compelled to abandon it for 
that of Linnaeus. “ Ray's ” system was afterwards 
elaborated by "Jussieu,” Decandolle, Lindley, and 
others. 
It could not be expected that either of these was 
without serious faults. Both, indeed, were far from 
meeting the demands of the fast progressing study 
of plants. And there is every reason for thinking, 
had not the timely genius of Linnaeus appeared at 
the time it did, that the study of plants would have 
fallen into deterioration. It is certain that for the 
want of a coherent system of arrangement it would 
soon become unmanageable. At all events, it was 
in imminent danger of getting into a state of in¬ 
extricable confusion. But as is not unfrequent at a 
critical moment, the herculean mind of Linnaeus 
came to the rescue to avert any possibility of such a 
calamity occurring. The majestic brain of this 
botanical celebrity turned the chaotic mass of con¬ 
fusion into the most beautiful order and simplicity. 
Linnaeus had risen head and shoulders above all 
previous botanists, and a greater has not succeeded 
him.— Antiquus. 
(To be continued.) 
APPRENTICE GARDENERS. 
Can head gardeners at the present put any advan¬ 
tages before intending young men as inducements to 
serve an apprenticeship ? I fail to see any, when so 
many places are getting filled with the class of 
men I call "jump-the-dykes.” The wages paid in 
a number of places for journeymen gardeners are 
16s. and 17s. per week, taking Saturday and Sunday 
duty in turn, and the unskilled men in this part of 
the country get 25s. to 30s. per week, working ten 
hours per day and one o'clock on Saturday. 
Professional head gardeners are paid from £1 to 
25s. per week, working sometimes twelve and four¬ 
teen hours (Saturday and Sunday never clear), 
always under the eye of employer. I will mention 
an example that gardeners should guard against. 
One man was employed in a garden for one summer 
and passed out as head gardener. Lady (to appli¬ 
cant for situation : “ What experience have you had 
as a gardener?” Applicant "None; but I am 
willing to learn.” Lady : " You have a good 
appearance, and I think you are the man for me.” 
And he got the situation over the head of some good 
young men. He has now three men under him in 
the gardens. 
Is this what is to be in future, with so many young 
possess, being very full. The colour also is very 
distinct, being a rosy-salmon. The name, Sault, 
smacks of French, but the variety was, we believe, 
raised by Martin R. Smith, Esq., Hayes, Kent. 
Like its companion, it possesses the good quality of 
remaining compact until it fades. The two blooms 
at the boltom and the one at the top of the illustra¬ 
tion represent Malmaison Carnation Sault; the two 
in the middle of the picture are those of Cecilia. 
PRIMULA STELLATA AND P. SINENSIS. 
These Primulas are highly appreciated for their 
sweet odour; they are fibrous rooted and the base 
or collar of the plant is very fragile. The hairy 
leaf stalks are grooved down the centre and bear a 
sticky, large veined and hairy leaf somewhat Fern¬ 
shaped. The flowers are produced on trusses held 
Malmaison Carnation Sault and Carnation Cecilia. 
coloured variety is the amous new border Carnation, 
Cecilia. This variety has supplied a long felt want 
as the blooms are a clear yellow, and as large as a 
Malmaison. It is a handsome form and possesses a 
splendid firm calyx. The awards that have been 
bestowed upon it ought to make it a popular variety. 
It won the " Premium ” as the best Carnation of any 
colour at the National Carnation Society’s exhibi¬ 
tion in 1898, when it first came out. Six blooms 
won first prize as the best Carnation of any colour. 
It has received the highest award of the Royal 
Horticultural Society. The National Carnation 
Society awarded it a First-class Certificate; it also 
received a First-class Certificate at the York Gala. 
This list of awards ought to be sufficient to point out 
its good qualities to anyone. 
The other variety is a Malmaison of exceptional 
merit. The flowers are very bold and have a much 
better form than the majority of the Malmaisons 
well above the foliage, and possess a funnel-shaped 
corolla with five segments, A cup-shaped calyx with 
five sepals surrounds the tube wherein are inserted 
five two lobed stamens. The pistil has an egg- 
shaped ovary, a cylindrical style and a round stigma. 
Propagation is effected by seed and division. Sow 
the seeds thinly in March, June or July in a pan of 
light soil. Cover the seeds with a very thin layer of 
fine soil and place a piece of glass over the pan 
and cover the whole with a piece of brown paper to 
exclude the light, and place in a greenhouse temper¬ 
ature. Admit light and air as germination advances 
and water as little as possible at first. When big 
enough to handle, pot them singly into thumbs filled 
with Banstead loam, leaf mould and silver sand, and 
keep them ne’ar the glass. Pot them in 48's as soon 
as roots appear through the drainage hole and keep 
close for a few days. Then cool frame treatment 
will suit them until the end of September, then 
shift them into a temperature of 55°.— G. W.D. 
foremen waiting for the step as a head gardener, 
with twelve or fourteen years' hardships of bothy 
life and working like slaves for a small wage, to have 
the title as one of the young men from the castle 
gardens ? 
Journeymen cannot be had. No wonder so many 
are leaving gardening. I am sure they are the class 
of men that are, or will be, required as settlers for 
South Africa .—A Cabbage. 
TWO CHOICE CARNATIONS. 
The two handsome Carnations which are the subject 
of our illustration, were selected from the magnifi¬ 
cent stand of blooms exhibited by Messrs. Wm. 
Cutbush and Son, Highgate, London, at the 
National Carnation Society's exhibition, held at the 
Crystal Palace on Friday, July 19th. The light- 
