32 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
“If you let meat or poultry remain in the water after it is done 
enough, it will become sodden and lose ita flavor.”— Cook's Own 
Book. 
To boil a ham. —Put in as little water as will answer, regulate 
the fire so that it may be an hour in coming to the boiling point,— 
let it boil two hours moderately;—then take it out without a fork, 
and plunge it into cold water. When cold take off the skin, and 
garnish it for table. The cold water fixes the juices in the meat, 
which consequently renders it finer and better flavored. 
CONKLIN’S REVOLVING PRESS HARROW. 
Fig. 9* 
Fig. 2, represents the end of one of the cylinders,, showing in 
particular, the manner in which the teeth, which are attached to 
the frame behind, operates in clearing the teeth of the rollers. 
The machine consists of two cylinders, 20 inches in diameter, 
and S feet long, formed of cast iron staves, which are bolted to 
end pieces or heads, in the centre of which are boxes, similar to 
those of a cart-wheel, and revolves on an axle, in the same man¬ 
ner. The teeth are of wrought or cast iron, and are inserted in 
the staves, and are fastened by means of keys or nuts upon the in¬ 
side. 
The use of this implement is— 
1. To scarify pasture or meadow grounds, to root out mosses, 
fit. them for grass seeds, and thus increase the product. 
2. To scarify stiff clays and tough sward grounds, after they 
have been once ploughed, which this harrow pulverizes and fits for 
the crop. 
Though we have not seen this machine in operation, from the 
principles on which it is constructed, and the excellent character 
and representations of the patentee, we are induced to believe it is 
an excellent implement for the uses intended. The patentee is 
Mr. John C. Conklin, of Peekskill, Westchester county. 
Cattle Farming in Ohio. —The Ohio Farmer gives a list of 
58 graziers in that state, whose aggregate number of cattle amount 
to 11,802 head. The following aie the names of some of the 
largest graziers: 
C. Bradley &, Co., Marion, 1,550 Dan. Fickle, Marion, 400 
John Halderman, Big Isld. 460 Mess. Kirby, Gr. Prairie, 600 
C. Halderman, do. 700 Bushby &. Welch, do. 650 
Mess. Drake, Clariden, 450 Ballantine k Baudelch, 350 
NOTES ON FLEMISH HUSBANDRY. 
( Concluded from page 2.) 
Division No. 7— Rye soil —Silex 811 ; alumine 1.5; oxyde of iron 3—sandy, 
and of poor light quality. Chief produce, rye, flax, potatoes, oats, buckwheat; 
rape seed and wheat in a few favorable spots; clover, carrots and turnips gene¬ 
rally. The courses adopted are those of nine and ten years. The first is, 
potatoes with farm dung, 2. flax with ashes and urine; 3. wheat, with ten 
and a half tons of manure; 4. rye and turnips, with ten tons manure; 5. oats 
and clover, with ten and a half tons manure; 6. clover, top dressed with 105 
bushels Dutch ashes; 7. rye, with fifty-two hogsheads of urine and night soil; 
8. buckwheat, without, and the only one in nine years w'ithout manure. 
There are in these districts large tracts of waste lands, that will hardly pay 
the expense of cultivation. These are being planted with forest trees, particu¬ 
larly with Scotch fir and other hardy pines. Immense tracts of waste land in 
Europe, have been planted within the last half century, with the Scotch fir. 
It grows upon the most barren soil, and seems likely to give an intrinsic value 
to land, which would bo otherwise valueless. Its growth is rapid, and the 
wood is convertible to many useful purposes. We consider it one of the best 
plants that could be introduced into our waste grounds, such for instance as th® 
Albany Barrens, and hope the experiment of cultivating it among us will soon 
be made. The method of proceeding in Flanders is to burn the waste ground, 
and plough it in ridges of six to fifteen feet broad, or to plough it w ithout 
burning—to sow the seed at the rate of six pounds the acre, and cover it by a 
light shovelling from the furrows, which are sunk about two feet, not only to 
supply covering to the beds, but as drains to carry off the surplus waters. 
“ Extensive woods have been created in this manner, converting a barren soil 
into a state of production, the least expensive, the most profitable, and most 
ornamental. Of six years growth there exist flourishing plantations, from five 
to nine feet in height. At about ten years from its formation they begin to thin 
the wood, and continue to do so annually, with such profit by the sale, as at 
the end of thirty years to have it clear of every charge; a specific property be¬ 
ing thus acquired, by industry and attention merely, without the loss of any 
capital. When the timber, thus planted, has been all cut off, the land has been 
found to yield admirable crops, from a surface soil formed by the accumulation 
of leaves, which have fallen for so many years. Cannot our patrons in Vir¬ 
ginia and Maryland, and even on the western praries, profit from these hints! 
In this division is grown a turnip, the Chou-rave, in density and saccharine 
matter, though not in shape, (being of an oblong form) seeming to vie with the 
Swede, which is much prized both for the table and for cattle. 
To every cottage and farm house in Flanders is attached a garden, of some 
sort, well dug, manured and kept clean. The parsnip, carrot., turnip, scorzo- 
nera, cabbage, onion, leek, peas, beans, and all kinds of saladings, abound in 
them. Much as we hear of English cottage gardens, the author commends 
those of Flanders as excelling and as worthy the notice and imitation of his 
countrymen. 
Division No. 8 — Wheat soil —Silex 71; alumine 26J; oxyde of iron 2; 
lime 1—a strong soil, but till lately little esteemed, on account of its being flat, 
retentive of moisture, given to rushes, and yielding crops of corn and pasture so’ 
bad, as not to warrant a rent of $2 an acre. An enterprising farmer took a farm 
of this kind, and in three years improved it so far as to let it again at about $5 per 
acre. The improvement consisted in dividing the fields by furrows three feet 
wide, into distinct ridges of sixty feet wide each, and sloping them from the 
centre to the sides, so that the rain water would run off, and be conducted to 
the boundaries of the field, and from thence conveyed off. The elevation of 
the centre was about two feet. This operation of ridging and dressing the sides 
was performed with the mouldebart, which is constructed almost precisely like 
our road scrapers, and which was there worked by a man and pair of horses. 
The experiment succeeded admirably, and others were led to follow the prac¬ 
tice. Lime is here used, at the rate of 150 bushels an acre at a dressing. The 
retentive subspil is in some cases broke through w ith the plough or spade, and 
once broken, it never reunites, but the soil becomes dry, light and productive. 
The author passes great encomiums upon the Hainault scythe, an implement 
for cutting grain, yet found in may of our old Dutch settlements, but which has 
in a great measure been superseded here by the grain cradle. 
Division No. 9— Rye soil —Silex 90. alumine 9J; oxyde of iron |—quite 
sandy and unfertile; yet from the facility of obtaining manure by canals, the 
lands produce excellent crops of potatoes, oats, clover, flax, rye, buckwheat, 
rape and carrots, and also turnips. There are many flourishing plantations of 
the Scotch fir uponthe poor lands of this district, of various ages, and extensive 
woods, also produced from the seeds sown upon the pared and burned surface 
of the waste land, which is the most certain and usual process. Some experi¬ 
ments made here, showed, that potatoes of a moderate size, planted whole, pro¬ 
duced one-fifth more than large ones planted whole, and fifty per cent more 
than those planted by sets; also, that beets, from which the earth was drawn, 
w ere better than those which were earthed. Salt was not found to produce 
any benefit upon the flax crop. About twenty-five pounds of carrots are here 
given to each horse per day, in lieu of hay, and with oats. Buckwheat is ex¬ 
tensively cultivated, and is chiefly applied to the feeding of swine and poultry. 
Average seed in divisions 7, 8 and 9—rye 1 1-7 bushel; wheat about the 
same; oats 31; buckwheat 1 1-4; flax 21; clover 6 lbs.; turnips 5 lbs. Ave¬ 
rage produce —rye 35 bushels per acre; wheat 23; oats 29; buckwheat 23. 
Division No. 10— Oat soil —Silex 49; alumine 481; oxyde of iron 2J—In 
the heavy soils, the rotation is potatoes, wheat, flax with clover, clover, rye, 
oats, buckwheat, and dung, ashes, or urine, with all the crops except the last. 
Where sand predominates, the order of crops is rye, oats, flax with clover, clo¬ 
ver, rye, oats, buckwheat; all dunged ns the other course, except the last. Po¬ 
tatoes follow clover, and turnips are taken as a second crop. For potatoes the 
ground is dug or ploughed to the depth of twelve to sixteen inches. Average 
seed— potatoes 28 bushels; wheat 1| bushels; flax 2 bushels; clover 9 lbs.; rye 
1£ bushels; oats 2 1-4 bushels; buckwheat 7-8 of a bushel. Average produce — 
potatoes 350 bushels; wheat 32 bushels; flax seed 7 bushels; rye 32 1-4; oats 
38J; buckwheat 25 bushels. Rent about $5, taxes $2.22 per acre. Price of 
land about $166. 
Division No. 11— Carrot soil —Silex 84; alumine 13; oxyde of iron 3—an 
alluvial deposit, of clay, loam and sand. The products and rotation are ns fol¬ 
low: 1. potatoes heavily dunged; 2. wheat without manure; 3. rye and clo¬ 
ver, with five tons of manure to the acre; 4. clover with ashes; 5. wheat or 
rye, with turnips as a second crop, and three and a half tons of manure; 6. 
oats, with four and a half tons of manure; 7. flax or hemp, with eight tons ma¬ 
nure; 8. wheat, with turnips as a second crop, and two and a half tons of ma¬ 
nure. In the lighter soils, rye is substituted for wheat. A striking feature in 
this division is the round form which is given to all the fields, originally wet 
and low. The compartments are in acres and half acres, and the surface made 
to rise gradually from the edges to the centre, so that the latter is about six feet 
above the level of the water courses—carrots and turnips are uniformly taken 
ns a second crop, and the product is comparatively small, being about six tons 
of the former and three of the latter. Carrots are much used for milch cows, 
at the rate of two bushels, tops and all, to a cow in twenty-four hours. They 
give great product in butter, and of fine quality. The forms are from two to 
