lf»0 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
under, and the other on the list, and bedded for planting in the usual 
manner. The cotton came up well, was well tended, and produc¬ 
ed—suffice it to say, that if in my ardor I valued the compost at 
$500—the field scarcely produced that amount. Whilst to have 
been a good turn out, it ought to have yielded four times that. The 
season was a fair one, and lands unmanured turned out well. Whe¬ 
ther the failure was owing to planting the seed too shallow on the 
top of a good sized bed*—to misapplication of the manure, or both, 
I am not prepared to say. It is my intention the succeeding year 
to make some pretty thorough experiments in manuring, which 
shall be forth coming, if successful. 
Is it not possible to obtain from Buel & Wilson, or through your 
enterprising Iriend Bement, or through any agency suggested by 
you, such articles as we may occasionally want in the way of imple¬ 
ments of husbandry, ploughs, cultivators, &c., fruit trees, garden 
seeds, &c. &c. I have suggested to my neighbors, the articles 
might probably be depended on as to quality from such a source.— 
Perhaps they may have an agency in Savannah, through which we 
might obtain them. The cultivators I have been able to get here 
are of very little account—and Freeborn’s ploughs, much in use 
here, are now so slightly made as to be almost worthless—and thus 
many depend on the hoe and the shovel plough. 
What objections to mixing lime with compost heaps, composed as 
above 1 if objectionable, and yet no calcareous matter in the soil, 
was it not better to apply thus than not at all ? What are the com¬ 
ponent parts of Sea water 1 Would compost heaps be much im¬ 
proved by saturation with it 1 What experience have you had with 
salt as a manure 1 Is the refuse water from salt vats of any impor¬ 
tance in agriculture 1 
Most respectfully your obedient servant, 
N. P. CROWELL. 
ANSWERS TO MR. CROWELL’S QUERIES. 
Quick-lime, in small quantities, is probably beneficial in composts, particu¬ 
larly where there is much coarse or ligneous matter,—and mild lime, or carbo¬ 
nate, in larger proportions, is undoubtedly beneficial. Sea-water contains, 1, 
common salt, composed of soda and muriatic acid; 2, a saline substance, com¬ 
posed of marine acid and magnesian earth, denominated salitcal magnesia; and 
3, a small fraction of gypsum. We have had no experience with sea-water or 
salt as manures. They have produced good effects upon some soils, when ap¬ 
plied in moderate portions ; but an overdose, ns we suspect was the case in the 
sedge and cotton seed compost, is always prejudicial. It retards, instead of ac- 
cellerating, vegetable decomposition, and may form insoluble compounds with 
matters otherw ise beneficial to crops. Order for trees and plants may be ad¬ 
dressed to Buel and Wilson—for seeds and implements to W. Thorburn, 
Albany. 
__EXTRACTS._ 
GOVERNOR EVERETT’S OPINIONS OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURISTS, 
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, AND OF THE EDUCATION OF AGRICUL¬ 
TURISTS. 
The Salem Gazette gives the following sketch of the remarks of 
Gov. Everett at the Essex Cattle show. 
After the report of the committee of arrangements had been read, 
Gov. Everett rose and made his acknowledgments to the committee 
for the manner in which they had alluded to the circumstance of his 
being present. He expressed his gratification at the exhibition of 
the day; and his confidence that the bounty of the state was bene¬ 
ficially applied by the Essex Agricultural Society. He stated that 
the wish had been expressed that he should address the audience. 
He felt that in complying with the request, he stepped beyond the 
line of usage on such occasions, but he trusted the responsibility of 
his doing so would be considered as resting with the committee, by 
whom the wish had been expressed. 
The Gov. added, that he felt additional embarrassment in follow¬ 
ing the orator, who in his very able and interesting discourse, had 
anticipated many of the general remarks appropriate to such an oc¬ 
casion. His only effort could now be, to subjoin a few observations, 
so simple as to present themselves without research, and he hoped 
important enough to bear a repetition, should it happen, as was very 
probable, that they had been already made by the orator of the day. 
After some remarks on the nature and objects of cattle-shows, 
and their beneficial influence on the state of the husbandry of this 
part of the country, Governor Everett proceeded substantially as fol¬ 
lows : 
The benefit which has accrued to our farmers from these exhibi¬ 
* The cotton plant has a long tap-root, worthy of some remarks. 
tions cannot be estimated in dollars and cents, or measured by the 
figures employed to state an increase of agricultural products. A 
few more tons of hay from your meadow's; a few more bushels of 
corn or potatoes from your tilled lands ; a better stock of animals for 
the dairy, the fold, or the pen, would add something, it is true, to 
the public and private wealth of the community; but if nothing far¬ 
ther came of it, it would be a matter, in which neither the patriot 
nor the Christian could take a deep interest. 
But when we consider, that the class of husbandmen is numeri¬ 
cally the largest in the community; and that in their condition it 
has been found, in the experience of the whole world, that the social, 
political, and moral characters of countries mainly depends, it follows 
as self-evident, that whatever improves the situation of the farmer, 
feeds the life-springs of the national character. In proportion as our 
husbandmen prosper, they not only enjoy themselves a larger por¬ 
tion of the blessings of life, but society is kept in a healthy state, and 
they are enabled to make ampler provisions for the education and 
establishment of their children and thus leave behind them a poste¬ 
rity competent not only to preserve and assert, but to augment their 
heritage. 
It will accordingly be found, that the great differences in the po¬ 
litical condition of different countries coincide directly with the dif¬ 
ferent tenures on which the land is held and cultivated. It is not 
that in one country the government is administered by an elective 
president; in another by a limited monarch; in another by an ab¬ 
solute despot. These things are not unimportant; because forms 
have a tendency to draw the substance after them. But a far more 
important question, in deciding the political condition of different 
countries is, hoiv is the land held ? The orator has told us what is 
the case in many parts of Europe; but there are countries, where 
the land,—the whole of it,—is claimed to be the property of an ab¬ 
solute despot, rather a chief of brigands than a sovereign,—who 
once or twice a year sends out his armed hordes to scour the terri¬ 
tory : to sweep together, without the shadow of law or pretence of 
right, whatever they can lay their hands on ; leaving the wretched 
peasant litt'e else than what he actually grasps with his teeth. 
Such is the system introduced into some parts of Hindostan by their 
Mahometan conquerors, and it has had the effect of breaking down 
the civilization of countries once refined, learned, wealthy, and pros¬ 
perous, into a condition very little better than that of the North 
American savage. Contrast this with the system on which our 
lands are held and occupied, inpusuance of which,, as a general rule, 
it is divided into small farms, the property of those who till them, 
who have every inducement and facility to better their condition, 
and who feel themselves on an equality with their fellow citizens in 
every other pursuit. It is plain, that over such a population, no go¬ 
vernment could exist, but one like that beneath which we live, in 
which the people are the direct source of power. Where this is the 
case, it is equally plain, that whatever improves and raises the con¬ 
dition of husbandmen, tends directly to sustain and fortify the social 
fabric. 
A very celebrated ancient poet exclaimed, “ Oh too happy farm¬ 
ers, did you but know your blessings.” If this could be said of the 
farmers of Italy, at the close of the civil wars,—subjects of an abso¬ 
lute prince, and a part of them only the owners of the land they till¬ 
ed, it may well be repeated of the husbandman of New-England, the 
proprietors of a soil which furnishes a competence of all the good 
things of life; and the possession of an amount of blessings never 
surpassed, if ever equalled. Not among the least of these privileges, 
is the rich birthright of patriotic recollections which has come down 
to us from our fathers; and of which no portion of our country has 
more to boast, than the ancient county of Essex. It is no mere 
compliment, sir;—the county of Essex is a distinguished part of the 
state. It would be easy, within the limits of this single county, to 
find, in the history of other times, bright examples of all the traits of 
character and conduct, which promote the prosperity and honor of 
nations in peace and in war. From the early contests with the In¬ 
dians and French,—from the time when the “ Flower of Essex ” fell 
1 at “ Bloody Brook,”—down to the close of the revolution, the fathers 
and forefathers of those 1 have the honor to address, contributed a 
full share of the counsel and treasure, the valor and blood by which 
the cause of the country was directed, sustained, and carried through 
triumphant. * * * * 
Nor let us not forget, if we have a patriotic ancestry to be proud of, 
—and if we have privileges to enjoy,—we have also incumbent du¬ 
ties to perform. The great principles of republican liberty are ex- 
