SCHOHARIE, NEW YORK 
29 
SHADE TREES 
Dig holes large enough to accommodate all roots 
without bending or cramping. Fill the hole with good 
top dirt and firm it hard. When the hole is three-fourths 
full, allow a bucket or more of water to seep away 
around the roots, after which the hole may be entirely 
filled. It is well to mulch the tree immediately to prevent 
drying out. Prune all limbs back I /3 to Vfe on an average. 
Water trees during the summer months and give them 
plenty of attention until they have become well estab¬ 
lished. Large sizes of shade trees can often be staked 
to advantage until their roots have obtained good 
anchoragd in the soil. 
Trees which have been set several years and which 
are making little or no growth may respond to feeding 
with fertilizer. Apply as follows: Using a crowbar, 
make holes 15 inches deep and not more than 3 feet 
apart in an area circumscribed by the outer branches 
of the tree and continuing % rds of the distance to the 
trunk. A 10-20-10 fertilizer is recommended at the rate 
of x /i lb. per inch in tree trunk diameter. (Ammonium 
Sulphate can be used on mature trees at the same rate, 
but this material should be used with caution, and not 
at all on young trees.) The fertilizer is so divided that 
a small amount is placed in each hole and the soil is 
then replaced. Just before the buds begin to break in 
the spring is a good time to apply the fertilizer. 
SPRAYING 
There are four distinct types of troubles to combat, 
i.e.: chewing insects, sucking insects, scale insects and 
fungous diseases. Chewing insects are controlled with 
a stomach poison, some form of arsenic (lead arsenate); 
sucking insects, (lice or aphids) by body contact poison, 
(nicotine) or miscible oil (kerosene emulsion); and 
fungous diseases by lime-sulphur solution or Bordeaux 
mixture. Be sure you know what you are spraying for 
since arsenate of lead will not control lice or aphids, 
nor will nicotine or kerosene emulsion control apple 
worms and neither of these will have any effect on 
apple scab or other fungous diseases. Lime-sulphur is 
used as a dormant spray for scale insects and also for 
fungous. 
SPRAYING MATERIALS 
The most common and best form of arsenic used is 
"arsenate of lead." Thoroughly dissolve three pounds 
of paste arsenate of lead or 1 Y 2 pounds of dry arsenate 
of lead in a small amount of water in a pail and add 
to fifty gallons of water or other spraying solution. 
Bordeaux mixture is prepared by dissolving four 
pounds of copper-sulphate (bluestone), in a small 
amount of water and diluting to twenty-five gallons; 
slacking five to six pounds of good lime and adding 
water to make twenty-five gallons. These solutions 
should then be combined by pouring or dipping 
simultaneously from each into a third vessel or spray 
tank. 
The commercial lime-sulphur is used almost exclusive¬ 
ly by many fruit growers. This may be obtained from 
same sources as arsenate of lead or direct from manu¬ 
facturers. To combine the fungous spray and the insect 
spray simply add the dissolved poisons to the fungous 
solutions. 
Kerosene in its natural, undiluted state, is fatal to all 
insect and vegetable life, but properly prepared may 
be used safely and with much benefit: Dissolve a bar of 
Ivory soap in one. gallon of hot water, then add two 
gallons of kerosene and churn it vigorously until cool. 
If made right it is then like cream, and will keep in¬ 
definitely. For general use take one part of the mixture 
to ten parts water and use as a spray. Will be found 
very valuable in getting rid of aphis, mealy bugs, red 
spider, etc. May be used against any soft-shelled insect. 
For spraying on a small scale, commercial preparations 
of arsenate of lead, bordeaux mixture, nicotine ( "Black 
Leaf 40”) can be obtained at drug stores, seed and 
garden supply houses. Follow directions on containers. 
WHEN AND HOW TO SPRAY 
GRAPE 
What to Spray for 
Treatment 
When to Spray 
Remarks 
Anthracnose 
Black Rot 
Mildews 
Bordeaux mixture 
(1) Just before buds open. 
(2) After blossoms have fallen. 
Two or three others at 10-14 day inter¬ 
vals. 
Careful winter pruning and disposal of 
diseased wood with application of 
lime-suphur (winter strength) in dor¬ 
mant season aids in anthracnose 
control. 
Berry Moth 
Leaf Hopper 
Bordeaux with 2 lbs. 
Arsenate of Lead. 
Follow program recommended above 
when these insects are prevalent. 
Dusting with fine sulphur is recom¬ 
mended for some vines of European 
origin for mildew control. 
BLACKBERRY, RASPBERRY AND DEWBERRY 
Anthracnose 
Lime-Sulphur as 
directed. 
(1) In spring before growth starts (2)^ 
gal. in 50). 
(2) When new shoots are 6-8 inches high 
(1}4 gal. in 50). 
(3) just before blooming period. Dilute 
as in (2). 
CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY 
Leaf Spot 
Anthracnose 
Bordeaux 
Beginning as soon as the leaves are open¬ 
ed make five to seven applications at 
two-week intervals. 
Currant Worm 
Arsenate of Lead, 2 
lbs. to 50 gals, wa¬ 
ter. 
At the first appearance of the worms. If 
there are two broods repeat spray. 
Dry hellebore may be dusted on, if near 
picking time. 
Currant Plant 
Louse 
Nicotine sulphate, 1 
to 800 of water. 
Soon after eggs hatch in spring (soon after 
the leaves open). 
Thoroughness necessary, hitting all 
leaves from beneath. 
