October 22, 1904. 
The Gardening World 
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Views and Reviews. 
Buds and Twigs. # 
The above is one of the books of the Cam¬ 
bridge bkffisical series, an,d runs to 271 
pages, including, a- good index. While deal¬ 
ing with the 'subject of trees, Mr. Ward con¬ 
fines himself in this volume to buds and 
twigs. Probably, at first thought, a gar¬ 
dener would be astonished at what there 
could be in buds toj fill a whole book, for it is 
largely devoted to thatj aspect of the ques¬ 
tion. The structure of buds;, and the com¬ 
ponent parts of which they are made up, is 
a subject of vast extent and exceeding in¬ 
terest, for the numerous types of leaves 
to be found amongst plants: have all their 
own peculiar arrangement in the bud in 
order to] make them tit in nicely without con¬ 
fusion or' unduly crowding or crushing one 
another. Indeed, the folding of leaves in 
the bud is as varied in variety as are the 
shapes of the leaves and their component 
parts them selves. 
We need not say that there are a® many 
plans of arrangement as there are leaf 
forms, but rather that they may be assorted 
into sets, according to the size and the pe¬ 
culiar conformation or divisions of the 
leaves; but as the size of the bud varies 
and the outlines of the leaves likewise, it 
follows- that each would have modifications 
of its own. All this goes to show that an 
exceedingly interesting study could be made 
relating to the vernation or folding of the 
leaf in, the bud stage. The author pursues 
the -subject very much on the same lines as 
did Lord Avebury some few years ago- in 
his book on, “ Buds: and Stipules.” The 
latter, to-o-, have often a, very strong correla¬ 
tion or interrelation between one an.d the 
other-. The stipules in certain species: con¬ 
stitute the outer scales- of the resting bud, 
while in other cases the leaves take part in 
this formation. 
In the -case of leaves them selves- which have 
no stipules the .scales of the: resting buds 
may be ma-de up- of an, entire leaf, of the 
blade- of it only, or of the stalk only, and 
which of these actually is: the case has to be 
found out, by a dissection of the resting 
♦“Trees.” A Handbook of Forest-Botany for the Wood¬ 
lands and the Laboratory. By H. Marshall Ward, Sc. D., 
F.R.S.. etc. Volume I., Buds and Twigs. With illustra¬ 
tions. Cambridge: at the U-iversity Press. 1904. Price 
4s. 6d. net. 
bud, assisted -by -an examination of the leaves 
when unfolding in spring. This is the more 
necessary, ais -one- and the: same part -of a 
leaf may be so disguised at different, stages 
of plant growth that it is neoes-sary to follow 
o-ut, the sequence of development in order 
to determine to- which part each structure 
belongs when disguised in the form of bud 
scales. 
Not everyone would think of a, Cabbage 
as a bud, but this is nevertheless the case, 
and during the first year of its growth the 
bud consists chiefly, if not entirely, of leaves 
which never form bud scales like the winter 
buds of -an Apple tree. Later o-n the in¬ 
florescence would be found in the -c-entre of 
this bud. The Lettuce fo-rm-s a somewhat 
smaller bud, and most- people would see the 
resemblance better if referred to a- Brussels 
Sprout, wh-ere the buds are very much 
smaller b-y comparison with the Cabbage. 
If the leaves of these large- buds, are removed 
one by one, the operator will at length come 
to the naked apex of the stem, thus showing 
how valuable the leaves are to the protection 
of the growing ap-ex, whether of Cabbage, 
Lettuce, -or Apple -tree. 
The book isi illustrated with numerous 
drawings of an educational character, so that 
the reader when dissecting the buds f-o-r him¬ 
self can form a. good -idea- of the nature -of 
the buds thus; discussed. The bud of a 
Lilac is relatively simple though much 
smaller than, that o-f a Cabbage, while the 
arrangement of the scale® and young -leaves 
is different -to that of the- Cabbage. The 
leaves arl really arranged in four rows- upon 
the stem, and this is precisely the method 
of arrangement in the bud with a, -slight 
complication owing to the necessary folding. 
Now if we turn to the Ash, belonging to 
the same family, we- find the buds somewhat, 
more 'complicated, owing to the true leaves 
being twice folded, in conformity with -their 
being pinnate. It may b-ei remembered that 
the leaves of a, Ro-s-e are also- pinnate-, but 
owing to- their different arrangement -on. the 
sh-oot®. they differ accordingly, while yet in 
bud from that of the A-sh. 
The leaves of the- Horse Chestnut are of 
rather peculiar form, in -having five leaflets 
arranged in the form of an o-ut-sprea-d hand, 
and possibly this may in a. measure account 
for the large size- of the resting bud in. winter. 
This would apply more especially to those 
buds which contain an inflorescence inside 
the folding leaves. This latter form wo-uld 
be more or less developed by autumn or 
early in winter, for the flowers advance at 
