THE GARDENING WORLD 
542 
hand. In this case, Fig. C, roughly 
speaking, about half the object is in light 
and about half in shade. This gives us 
a much better idea of roundness and re¬ 
lief. But there are still certain objections 
or defects with regard to background, re¬ 
flector and so on, which we may advan¬ 
tageously defer for future consideration. 
C. Light at left hand of operator. 
Finally, we now move up the table and 
object near to the window and bring the 
camera further away still from the win¬ 
dow as in Fig. 4. The result is before 
us in Fig. D, where we see that there is 
a preponderance of shade over . light. 
This makes the small strong light very 
telling, but for flower work it is of excep¬ 
tional rather than general utility, as this 
style of lighting is very apt to make the 
flowers look too hard and suggests that 
they are made of enamelled iron or pot¬ 
ter)'. Whereas the first charm of most 
D. Light to the left -front of operator. 
flowers is the delightful suggestion of 
delicacy and semi-transparency. The most 
generally useful style of lighting is C, 
then B and D, and finally A, which is 
but seldom useful. 
Although just for the moment we are 
chiefly concerned with the blossom, yet 
1 add the Apple because being a round 
thing i-t enables us to see at a glance 
just how much light and shade we get in 
each position, and this is far more easily 
seen on the Apple than on. the blossom, 
though the lighting is really the same 
for both in each position. I introduce a 
glass vase just to show “how not to do 
it.” Shining vases of any kind are very 
seldom desirable for this work because 
their reflecting surfaces give hard patches 
of light. In this case it is instructive to 
notice how the reflected image of the 
window shows in the glass vessel. 
I hope the reader quite understands 
that I am not laying down any hard and 
fast rules, for each style of lighting has 
its uses for special effect. For example, 
position No. 1, Fig. A, may be effectively 
used sometimes when we are dealing with 
a long tubular kind of flower as in the 
case of a large Lily, and No. 4, Fig, D, 
Pansy or Heart’s-ease. (Viola tricolor.) 
This is a modern result of horticultu¬ 
ral skill and patience. There are now 
innumerable named and unnamed varie¬ 
ties, whose leading characteristics are that 
they must be circular in general outline 
or form, flat and very smooth at the edges, 
every notch or unevenness being consi¬ 
dered a blemish. Nowadays, we write 
of the Tansy and Viola as being quite 
distinct the one from the other; however, 
the Pansy is as much a Viola as the plants 
termed Violas are for garden purposes. 
The garden Pansy is a form of Viola 
tricolor, and the garden Viola is a 
hybrid between the Pansy and the Viola 
cornuta. 
There are two distinct types of Pansies. 
The older type is the show Pansy, the 
other is the Belgian or fancy Pansy. 
The flowers of show Pansies are classed 
as white grounds, yellow grounds, and 
seifs. The aim of those who raise new 
seedlings is to try and get better form of 
the flower, and greater substance of the 
petals. The Belgian or fancy Pansies 
were little thought of when first intro¬ 
duced, but, at the present time they are 
much grown, and are to be found in most 
gardens in one form or another. 
Pansies are easily grown from seed, 
and also by means of cuttings, and by 
division of the roots. The main points 
to observe to be at all successful are : — 
To sow a good strain ; to plant in a good, 
rich soil; and never coddle the plants at 
any period of their growth. 
Seed Sowing. 
July is a good month to sow the seed, 
therefore, those who did not get it done 
in June may still do so, and have nice 
forward “stock” to plant out, and become 
established before the approach of winter. 
To grow Pansy seedlings well there is 
no need for sowing the seed in pots, 
boxes, or frames'. Simply prepare a patch 
of ground with plenty of leaf mould and 
sand mixed in it, also a quantity of well- 
made old manure to further enrich the 
soil. Have a thoroughly level surface 
August 22, 1908. 
is also very effective sometimes when deal¬ 
ing with flowers whose petals are large 
and of a transparent nature as is the Ice¬ 
land Poppy. But neither of these positions 
would be very suitable for such a bloom 
as the white Jessamine, wdiose corolla 
is such a solid-looking bright w'hite. As 
we are using a dark (brown paper) table 
cover the cast shadow is not well marked, 
but in Figs. C and D we see a suggestion 
of shadow cast by the vase, as well as a 
patch of light transmitted by the lower 
part of the glass vase, which (together) 
are acting in a way that we may roughly 
compare with the bull’s eye condenser of 
a policeman’s lantern. This is also an 
effect often seen with glass flower holders 
filled with water. The effect is some¬ 
times very pleasing, but calls for cau¬ 
tion lest it become too pronounced. 
before sowing the seed, and whilst doing 
so see that the seed is scattered thinly and 
regularly over the bed, and then merely 
cover it with a sprinkling of finely sifted 
soil. If the weather is dry sprinkle the 
bed with water, just enough to keep the 
surface moist and help to hasten germina¬ 
tion. It may also be found necessary 
to protect the seed from birds, etc., with 
a few fir branches or a bit of old herring 
net. As soon as the young plants have 
made three or four leaves besides the 
seed, ones, they may be pricked out four 
or six inches* apart in nursery beds. 
In this way they will make fine stubby 
plants for planting out where they are to 
flower. 
Preparing the Soil. 
The soil should be prepared to a good 
depth — eighteen inches or more—placing 
a layer of cow dung about six inches be¬ 
low the surface whilst trenching. 
Pansies do best in a good black or 
brown loam. A heavy clay soil does not 
suit them very well, unless it has been 
well worked and well manured for a 
number of years. The Pansy likes an 
open, airy, sunshiny spot. In close 
places they soon spindle up, straggle 
about, and pine into nothingness. 
Violas 
Are more hardy than Pansies, both as 
regards their resistance to cold and heat. 
They form dense tufts of numerous stems,' 
hence the name “ Tufted Pansies” given 
to them by gardeners and florists. The 
Violas are better adapted for bedding 
out than Pansies. Their culture is the 
same as that of the Pansy, except that the 
plants are more easily increased by 
division. 
July is a good month in which to put 
in cuttings of Pansies and Violas, and the 
best cuttings are those taken from the 
base — the young growths with a little of 
the white wood attached. Such cuttings 
will soon take root, and if put in in a 
shady part of the garden, will form plants 
that will stand the winter nearly as well 
as the seedlings. 
= Pansies and Violas. = 
Their Culture and Management. 
BY HORTU5. 
