ANATOMY OF THE BEE 
on the sides of the first seven segments. 
Three other pairs of such openings occur 
in the thorax; but the last of these, being in 
the propodeum, really belongs to the abdo¬ 
men. Thus there ai'e in all ten pairs of 
breathing apertures, and they ai - e called the 
spiracles. None occur on the head. The 
tracheal tubes given off from the air-sacs 
branch minutely to all pai'ts of the body 
and penetrate into most of the tissues. 
Hence oxygen is carried directly to the cells 
that use it, and the blood of insects is thus 
relieved of the work of distributing it — 
one of its principal functions in vertebrate 
animals. The respiratory movements are 
produced by muscles of the abdomen. 
The life processes of the cells of the body 
result in the formation of products excreted 
by the cells into the surrounding blood. 
These products are poisonous to the system 
unless immediately changed into simpler 
substances. This change is effected partly 
by the inhaled oxygen combining with the 
waste products, resulting in the formation 
of compounds of nitrogen which dissolve in 
the blood, and of carbonic acid gas which 
diffuses into the tracheal tubes and is ex¬ 
haled. The nitrogen compounds are sup¬ 
posed to be removed by the Malpighian 
tubules (Fig. 6, Mai), which are regarded 
as the kidneys of insects. 
The nervous system consists of a series 
of small masses of nerve tissue called gan¬ 
glia, lying along the median ventral line of 
the body cavity (Fig. 1, lGng-7Gng) , the 
two of the thorax being much larger than 
’ those of the abdomen. Each two are con¬ 
nected by a pair of cords called commis¬ 
sures. Nerves are given off from these 
ganglia to the various organs and parts of 
the body, and to the legs and wings. In 
the head there are two ganglionic masses. 
One is called the brain ( 0pL) , and is sit¬ 
uated above the oesophagus, where it gives 
off neiwes to the eyes, the antennae, the 
front, and the labrum. The other, called 
the suboesophag'eal ganglion, lies in the 
lower part of the head, and innervates the 
mouth parts, while it is connected by com¬ 
missures with both brain and the [first 
thoracic ganglion. 
The reproductive system consists of those 
organs that produce the spermatozoa in 
the male and the eggs in the female and 
their accessory parts, 
45 
The spermatozoa are formed in the testes 
of the male (Fig. 7, A, Tes), a pair of small 
bodies in the front part of the abdomen, 
said to be developed at their highest in the 
pupal stage. Each is connected by a coiled 
tube, the vas deferens (YDef ), with a long 
sac, the seminal vesicle (Fes) in which the 
spermatozoa are stored during the adult 
stage of the drone’s life. The two vesicles 
open into the bases of two enormous mu¬ 
cous glands (AcGl) which come together in 
a narrow muscular tube, the ejaculatory 
duct ( EjD ). This opens into the anterior 
end of the penis (Pen). This is a compli¬ 
cated organ, shown at E, Fig. 7. It is or¬ 
dinarily contained within the cavity of the 
abdomen; but during copulation it is en¬ 
tirely everted, and its basal pouches (zz) 
lock into corresponding pouches of the ovi¬ 
duct of the queen. 
The eggs are formed by the ovaries of 
the female (Fig. 8, Ov ), each of which 
consists of a thick mass of tubules called 
the ovarioles (ov) , within which the eggs 
grow from simple cells at their upper ends 
into the mature eggs found at their lower 
ends. The ovarioles of each ovary open 
into an oviduct (OvD ), which two unite 
into a wide median tube called the vagina 
(Tag) that swells posteriorly into a large 
pouch knoAvn as the bursa copulatri.r 
(BGpx ), opening to the exterior in the 
eighth segment beneath the base of the 
sting. 
During copulation the drone ejects the 
spermatozoa into the upper end of the 
vagina of the queen. The spermatozoa 
consist of minute vibratory threads (Fig. 
7, C.) which, probably, by their own mo¬ 
tion, make their way up thru a small tube 
opening into the dorsal Avail of the va¬ 
gina. and so reach a globular sac (Fig. 8. 
Spm) called the spermatheca. Here they 
are held during the rest of the lifetime of 
the queen, to be extruded in small bundles, 
of about a hundred each, accoi'ding to 
BreslaAv, upon the eggs passing out of the 
vagina. Thus are the female eggs ferti¬ 
lized, the drone eggs developing without 
the addition of the male element. 
ANGER OF BEES. —The author does 
not like the term “anger,” when applied 
to bees, and it almost makes him angry 
when he hears people speak of bees being 
