370 
FOUL BROOD 
food for bees, and even then should never 
be used for winter stores, as it will prob¬ 
ably cause dysentery. 
The Second Shake. —Some beekeepers pre¬ 
fer to shake the bees first on to frames con¬ 
taining strips of foundation as above de¬ 
scribed, and in four days to shake the col¬ 
ony a second time on to full sheets of foun¬ 
dation, destroying all comb built after the 
first treatment. This insures better combs 
than the use of strips of foundation, but is 
a severe drain on the strength of the col¬ 
ony. Since it is desirable to have combs 
built on full sheets, the best policy is to 
replace any irregular combs with full sheets 
of foundation or good combs later in the 
season. 
The Cost of Shaking. —If the treatment 
just described is given at the beginning of 
a good honey flow, it is practically equiva¬ 
lent to artificial swarming, and results in 
an actual increase in the surplus honey, es¬ 
pecially in the case of comb-honey produc¬ 
tion. The wax rendered from the combs 
will sell for enough to pay for the founda¬ 
tion used if full sheets of foundation are 
employed. Since a colony so treated ac¬ 
tually appears to work with greater vigor 
than a colony not so manipulated, the cost 
of treatment is small. If treatment must 
be given at some other time, so that the 
colony must be fed, the cost is materially 
increased. In feeding, it is best to use sugar 
syrup, or honey that is known to have come 
from healthy colonies. 
Treatment With Full Sheets of Foundation. 
—In order not to have any combs in the 
apiary built on strips of foundation, some 
beekeepers prefer to shake the bees into a 
hive containing full sheets of foundation. 
In the place of one of these frames there is 
put in the hive an old piece of comb—one 
that has been broken or which for some rea¬ 
son will not further be useful. Into this 
comb the bees soon place the honey which 
they have carried over in their honey-stom¬ 
achs, and the second morning after treat¬ 
ment the hive is carefully opened, with as 
little confusion as possible, and this old 
comb is removed. As little smoke as possi¬ 
ble should be used in this operation and the 
comb should be taken out quickly in order 
that the bees may not again take up the 
honey before it is removed. In the place 
of the old comb there is inserted a new 
frame containing a full sheet of foundation 
and the treatment is complete. It will be 
fatal to success if the old comb is not re¬ 
moved, for then the disease will almost cer¬ 
tainly reappear. 
Treatment With Bee-Escape.— As a substi¬ 
tute for the shaking treatment just de¬ 
scribed, the bees may be removed from their 
old combs by means of a bee-escape. The 
old hive is moved to one side and in its 
place is set a clean hive with clean frames 
and foundation. The queen is at once trans¬ 
ferred to the new hive and' the field bees 
fly there on their return from the field. The 
infected hive is now placed on top of or 
close beside the clean hive and a bee-escape 
placed over the entrance, so that the young¬ 
er bees and those which later emerge from 
the cells can leave the contaminated hive 
but can not return and therefore will join 
the colony in the new hive. If desired, the 
infected hive may be placed above the clean 
hive and a tin tube about 1 inch in diameter 
placed from the old entrance so that the 
lower end is just above the open entrance of 
the new hive. The bees follow down this 
tube and on their return enter the new 
hive. When all of the healthy brood has 
emerged from the infected combs the old 
hive should be removed. This treatment 
induces less excitement in the apiary and is 
preferred by many experienced beekeepers. 
Care should be taken that the old hive is 
absolutely tight to prevent robbing. The 
old hive and its contents of honey and wax 
are treated as indicated under the shaking 
treatment. 
FALL TREATMENT. 
If it is necessary to treat a colony so 
late in the fall that it would be impossible 
for the bees to prepare 'for winter, the treat¬ 
ment may be modified by shaking the bees 
on to combs entirely full of honey so that 
there is no place for any brood to be 
reared. This will usually be satisfactory 
only after brood-rearing has entirely ceased. 
Unless a colony is quite strong, it does not 
pay to treat in the fall, but it should be 
destroyed or united to another colony. In 
case a diseased colony dies outdoors in the 
winter there is danger that other bees may 
have opportunity to rob the hive before the 
beekeepers can close the entrance. In case 
bees are wintered in the cellar it is more 
advisable to risk wintering before treat¬ 
ment, for if the colony does die the hive 
will not be robbed. 
DRUGS. 
Many European writers have in the past 
advocated the use of various drugs for 
feeding, in sugar syrup, to diseased colo¬ 
nies, or the fumigation of contaminated 
combs. In the case of American foul brood, 
of which the cause is known, it has been 
found that the drugs recommended are not 
of the slightest value. 
EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD 
DIFFERENTIA TED. 
As has been already explained, this is a 
disease that has some symptoms that are 
similar to those of American foul brood; 
but it has other symptoms that are quite 
different. In its general appearance, espe¬ 
cially in its advanced stages, a comb hav¬ 
ing the disease will look somewhat like 
