936 
BEEKEEPERS’ DICTIONARY 
the hive, hut touch at one or more parts of the 
end-bars; self-spacing frames. See “Frames, 
Self-spacing,’’ in the body of this work. 
Fondant.—A soft bee-candy used for feeding bees 
in winter or for queen or shipping cages; some¬ 
times made of glucose and granulated sugar, hut 
more often of honey and powdered sugar. See 
“Good Candy.’’ 
Formic acid.—A colorless corrosive liquid com¬ 
pound (HCO.OH), forming a very small but im¬ 
portant part of honey. 
Foul brood.—A malignant contagious disease of 
bees affecting the brood. There are two distinct 
types—one American foul brood ( Bacillus lar¬ 
vae), and the other European foul brood ( Bacillus 
pinion ). 
Foundation.—See “Comb Foundation.’’ 
Foundation-fastener..—A device for fastening foun¬ 
dation in brood frames or sections. There are 
several different patterns of them. 
Foundation splints.—Wooden splints about 1-16 
inch square, embedded vertically in the founda¬ 
tion of a brood-frame to prevent sagging. See 
“Comb Foundation’’ in the body of this work. 
Frame.—A device consisting of a frame of wood 
of a suitable size to hold a comb and so con¬ 
structed that a series of them may be held a 
bee-space apart in a vertical position in a box 
called a hive. The only practically movable 
frame hive was invented by L. L. Langstroth 
in 1852. 
Fructose.—See “Levulose." 
Fumigate.—To submit to the fumes of sulphur, 
carbon bisulphide or other disinfectant. Combs 
are fumigated to kill the eggs or larvae of the 
bee moth, and bees are sometimes killed by 
fumigation. See “Moth Miller’’ in the body of 
this work. 
Galleria mellonella.—The Latin name of the larger 
wax moth. See “Moth Miller’’ in the body of 
this work. 
Ganglion (plural, ganglia).—A nodular enlarge¬ 
ment consisting of an aggregation of nerve-cells 
that receives and sends forth nervous impulses 
and serves to stimulate organic and psychical 
action; a nerve center. 
Giant bees, Apis dorsata.—Natives of India, and 
the largest honeybees in the world. There are 
probably several varieties of this species. All 
of them build huge combs in the open air, often 
from five to six feet in length and from three 
to four feet in width, which they attach to 
overhanging ledges of rock or to large limbs of 
trees. When attached to the latter they are 
built singly; not capable of domestication. 
Glucose.—1. A synonym for dextrose, q. v. 2. A 
synonym for corn syrup, q. v. 
Go-backs.—Unfinished sections which are returned 
to the hive to be finished. 
Golden bees, or Goldens.—Colonies in which many 
of the workers show four or five yellow bands. 
Good candy.—See “Queen candy.’’ 
Grafting.—Applied by beekeepers to the process 
of removing a worker larva from its cell into a 
queen-cup, with the view of having it reared 
into a queen. See “Queen-rearing” in the body 
of this work. 
Grape sugar.—See “Dextrose.” 
Granulated honey.—See “Candied Honey.” 
Green honey.-—Unripe honey. 
Half-depth supers.—Tne same as any ordinary ex- 
tracting-super, but half the depth of the stand¬ 
ard Langstroth 
Hatching brood.—Young bees just gnawing their 
way out of the cells. Incorrectly used for emerg¬ 
ing brood. 
Heddon frame.—5% inches deep by 18 1-16 in 
length. 
Hermaphrodite bees.—Bees having characters com¬ 
mon to both sexes, as a worker head, and drone 
thorax and abdomen, or the reverse; or one- 
half of the head is that of a worker, and the 
other half that of a drone. As there may be 
a combination of sexual characters Siebold call¬ 
ed them hermaphrodites. The cause is un¬ 
known. 
Hive.-—1. Home for bees furnished by man. The 
modern hive consists of a series of movable 
frames held in a vertical position a bee-space 
apart in a box of suitable size. See “Frame”; 
see also “Hives” in the body of this work. 2. To 
put a swarm in a hive or to induce it to enter 
a hive. 
Hive-tool.—A tool used to pry up supers, pry 
frames apart, etc. See “Manipulation of Colo¬ 
nies” in the body of this work. 
Hoffman frames.—Self-spacing frames having end- 
bars enough wider at the top to provide the 
proper spacing when the frames are placed in 
contact. 
Honey.—The nectar of flowers gathered by the 
bees, and so changed by them that it becomes 
honey. According to the national pure-food law, 
“Honey is laevorotatory, contains not more 
than 25 per cent of water, not more than 25/100 
of 1 per cent of ash, and not more than 8 per 
cent sucrose (cane sugar).” Honey is composed 
largely of a mixture of the two sugars, dextrose 
and levulose, dissolved in about 17 per cent 
water. It also contains small amounts of su¬ 
crose, mineral matter, protein, enzymes, etc. 
Honeybee.—The honeybee belongs to the class In- 
secta, order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea 
or Anthophila and family Apidae. In 1758 Lin¬ 
naeus named the honeybee Apis mellifera (hon¬ 
ey-bearer), and three years later (1761) chang¬ 
ed the name to Apis mellifica (honey-maker). 
Dalla Torre recognizes in the genus Apis over 
180 species. Races or varieties of the domestic 
bee are also distinguished by the names of the 
geographical localities in which they occur and 
from which they have been exported, as Italian, 
Carniolan, Syrian, Cyprian, Banat, Caucasian 
and Tunisian. 
Honey-board.—A slatted board placed between the 
brood-chamber and the honey-chamber to break 
the continuity of the two; formerly a board 
with holes in it to support the receptacles of 
comb honey. A queen-excluder is sometimes 
called a honey-board. 
Honey-box.—A box for comb honey, closed on all 
sides, and provided with holes to allow the bees 
access. Almost obsolete. 
Honeycomb.—Two series of waxen cells with a 
septum between them, which septum serves as 
the bottom for the cells of both series. In the 
Bible honeycomb means comb honey. See 
“Drone Comb” and “Worker Brood” in the 
body of this work. 
Honeydew.—A sweet liquid excreted by insects, 
chiefly plant-lice and bark-lice, on the foliage of 
shrubs and trees. It was formerly believed to 
fall from the atmosphere. A large amount is 
gathered by honeybees. 
Honey-evaporator.—A machine for removing water 
from honey deemed too thin. 
Honey-extractor.—A machine consisting of two or 
more comb pockets or baskets arranged to re¬ 
volve around a central shaft for throwing the 
honey from combs by centrifugal force. See 
‘ ‘Extractor.’ ’ 
Honey-gate.—An iron faucet used for drawing 
honey from barrels, cans or extractors. 
Honey-harvest.—The time when bees are gather¬ 
ing a surplus, o<r more than enough for their 
daily needs. 
Honey-house.—A building for the purpose of hon¬ 
ey extraction, storage, etc. 
Honey-knife.—A knife used to shave the cappings 
from combs of sealed honey preparatory to ex¬ 
tracting. 
Honey-pump.—A device operating on the rotary 
principle for elevating honey from a honey-ex¬ 
tractor or tank into- another tank. 
Honey-stomach.—Honey-sac. An enlargement of 
the posterior end of the oesophagus lying in the 
front part of the abdomen, the function of 
