S'* 
A CONSOLIDATION OF DUEL’S CULTIVATOR AND THE GENESEE FARMER. 
“ AGRICULTURE, AT ONCE THE CAUSE AND EVIDENCE OF CIVILIZATION.” 
Cult. Yol. YII—No. 6. 
ALBANY, N. Y. JUNE, 1840. Cult, and Far. Yol. I—No. 6. 
PUBLISHED MONTHLY) 
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Twm OIJLfSflfOlo 
WILLIS GAYLORD & LUTHER TUCKER, Editors. 
THE HORSE. 
Section of the Head. —[Fig. 55.] 
a The nasal bone, or bone of the nose. 
b The frontal hone. The cavities or cells beneath are call¬ 
ed the frontal sinuses. 
c The crest or ridge of the parietal bones. 
d The tentorium, or bony separation between the cerebrum 
and cerebellum. 
The occipital bone. 
The ligament of the neck, or pack-wax, by which the head 
is chiefly supported. 
g The atlas, sustaining or carrying, or first bone of the neck. 
h The dentata, tooth-like or second bone of the neck. 
i The cuneiform, or wedge-shaped process, or base of the oc¬ 
cipital bone. Between it and the other portion of the 
occipital bone e, lies the great foramen or aperture through 
which the prolongation of the brain,—the spinal mar¬ 
row,—issues from the skull. 
k The sphenoid, wedge-like , bone, with its cavities. 
I The ethmoid, sieve-like bone, with its cells. 
m The cerebrum, or brain, with the appearance of its corti¬ 
cal and medullary substance. 
n The cerebellum, or little brain, with its beautiful abore- 
scent appearance. 
o A portion of the central medullary, marrow-like , substance 
of the brain, and the prolongation of it under the name 
of the crus cerebri, leg of the brain, and from which many 
of the nerves take their origin. 
p The medulla oblongata,-—the prolongation of the brain 
after the medullary substance of the cerebrum and cere¬ 
bellum have united, and forming the commencement of 
the spinal marrow. The columnar appearance of this 
portion of the brain is represented, and the origins of the 
respiratory nerves. 
q The spinal marrow extending through a canal in the cen¬ 
tre of the bones of the neck, back and loins, to the ex¬ 
tremities of the tail, and from which the nerves of feel¬ 
ing and of motion, that supply every part of the frame, 
except the head, arise. 
r The septum narium, or cartilaginous division between the 
nostrils. 
s The same cut off at the lower part, to show the spongy 
turbinated, turban-shaped, bones filling the cavity of the 
nostril. 
t The palate. 
u The molar teeth, or grinders. 
v The inferior maxillary bone, containing the incisor teeth, 
or nippers. The canine tooth, or tush, is concealed by 
the tongue. 
ic The posterior maxillary, or lower jaw with its incisors. 
x The lips. 
y The tongue. 
z A portion of the os hyoides, or bone of the tongue, like a 
Grreek u, v. 
1 The thyroid, helmet-shaped cartilage, enclosing and shield¬ 
ing the neighboring parts. 
2 The epiglottis, or covering of the glottis, or aperture of the 
wind-pipe. 
3 The arytenoid, funnel-shaped, cartilages, having between 
them the aperture leading into the trachea or wind-pipe. 
4 One of the chordae vocales, cords or ligaments concerned 
in the formation of the voice. 
5 The sacculus larygnis, sac or ventricle of the larynx, throat, 
to modulate the voice. 
6 The trachea or wind-pipe, with its different rings. 
6 
7 The soft palate at the back of the mouth, so constructed 
as almost to prevent the possibility of vomiting. 
8 The opening from the back part of the mouth into the nos¬ 
tril. 
9 The cartilage covering the entrance into the eustachian 
tube, or communication between the mouth and internal 
part of the ear. 
10 The oesophagus, or gullet. 
11 The cricoid, ring-like cartilage, below and behind the thy¬ 
roid. 
12 Muscle of the neck, covered by the membrane of the 
back part of the mouth..— Farmers' Series. 
The horse is one of the most noble, useful and beau¬ 
tiful of animals; and since he has been subjected to the 
dominion of man has occupied a prominent place in eve¬ 
ry department of agricultural economy. But he is at 
the same time, an animal more susceptible of disease or 
injury than any other of the domesticated ones. Less 
hardy than the ox, if injured or treated as that patient 
animal is, he becomes worthless; hence the necessity of 
greater care in guarding against disease, or the inflic¬ 
tion of injuries. The horse, too, is subject to some dis¬ 
eases, to which none of the other animals of the farm 
are; some of them of a very serious character; and it 
is for the purpose of illustrating the nature of two of 
these, as well as for giving a more correct opinion of 
the anatomy of the horse’s head than is generally pre¬ 
valent, that we have prepared the engraving that ac¬ 
companies this article. We may hereafter give other 
sectional drawings to illustrate particular parts or dis¬ 
eases ; as, although the horse is one of the most com¬ 
mon of animals, the structure of some of the most im¬ 
portant parts appears to be little understood. 
The Glanders. 
The two diseases to which we have alluded are the 
glanders and the poll evil. The first of these was de¬ 
scribed nearly two thousand years since, and was then, 
as now, a dangerous, not to say incurable, disease.— 
Glanders may be an original disease, or it may be the 
result of contagion; indeed its contagiousness is one of 
its most formidable features. If a horse in which the 
disease is well developed, is allowed to lie in the pas¬ 
ture with other horses, or if a sound horse is put in a 
stable with a glandered horse, or where one has been 
fed, they are very liable to become infected. Notwith¬ 
standing these facts are well known, many men will 
use a glandered horse as long as the poor creature can 
stagger, thus subjecting not only their own horses, but 
all those with which they come in contact, to the danger 
of this incurable complaint. In consequence of the in¬ 
crease of veterinary knowledge, another alarming fact 
has been disclosed with regard to this disease, and that 
is, that men who are exposed in stables with glandered 
horses, are liable to the disease in its most fatal form. 
Several well attested cases of this nature, have, within 
a few years, come before the Veterinary College of 
London, clearly traceable to contact with infected ani¬ 
mals. 
In its first appearance, glanders may be confounded 
with a catarrh or cold, but a little attention will show 
the distinction. Colds are attended with fever and 
cough; while the glanders rarely produce either. The 
matter discharged from the nose is also different, being 
lighter and clearer in its color than the mucus in ca¬ 
tarrh, more glutinous or sticky, and flowing steadily, 
and not irregularly, as in cold. It is the application of 
this discharge to some abraded surface, or to the nos¬ 
trils of a sound animal, that produces the disease. One 
of the most certain tests of this disease is to inoculate 
some worthless beast with this purulent matter, when, 
if it is the glanders, it will show itself as surely as the 
small pox after inoculation. 
When glanders are bred in horses, it may always be 
traced to improper stable management. Closely con¬ 
fined, hot and ill ventilated stables, so vitiate the air as 
to render it unfit for respiration, and by its continual 
passage over the delicate membranes that line the nos¬ 
trils, at last produces irritation, inflammation and dis¬ 
ease. It is a singular fact, however, that when one 
nostril alone is attacked, it is almost always the near 
one. M. Dupuy, of the Veterinary School at Toulouse, 
states, that of eight hundred cases that had come under 
his notice, only one was affected in the off nostril. As 
the disease progresses it affects not only the nostrils, 
but proceeds to the frontal sinuses, as shown in the en¬ 
graving; the glands of the jaws and neck are affected, 
the bones become careous and rotten, and emaciation 
and death ensue. In the country, where horses lie in 
the pasture during summer, and in stables during the 
winter, that are usually far from presenting any serious 
obstacle to the circulation of the air, glanders are much 
less, common, than in the crowded and confined stables 
of cities, where this disease at times commits fearful 
ravages. 
In spite of the dangerous consequences known to re¬ 
sult from this disease, there are individuals who will 
not only use glandered horses themselves, but resort to 
the most infamous deception in order to put such horses 
off upon the ignorant or the unsuspecting. Some of 
these tricks, according to Mr. Youatt, are as follows:— 
“ Having given the horse a brushing gallop, that he may 
thoroughly jelear his nose, some of them blow powder¬ 
ed alum or white vitriol up the nostrils a little while 
before he is shown, and though the horse may be sadly 
tortured, the discharge is for some hours stayed. Others 
roll up a pledget of tow, and introduce it into the nos¬ 
tril sufficiently high to escape common observation.” 
In cases of the glanders, where the horse has been 
turned from, the stable to the pasture, or the freest ven¬ 
tilation given, the disease has disappeared; but it is 
apt to return with the causes that first produced it— 
warm stabling and improper ventilation. In Arabia 
and in South America, where stables are not known, 
the glanders never appear; but wherever the European 
mode of keeping horses is pursued, the disease follows 
as a matter of course, and infection continues the evil 
that injudicious management created. But though na¬ 
ture sometimes effects a seeming cure, medicines appear 
to be wholly inoperative, or nearly so, in combatting 
this disease. We are aware that there are a thousand 
cures for glanders as well as other diseases, but it well 
sustains the character of incurable so long ago given it, 
and the man whose horse has this disease fixed upon him 
can not perform a more laudable act, both as concerns the 
community and the poor animal itself, than to knock it 
on the head at once, and thus put an end at once to 
suffering and the danger of contagion. Iodine has, in¬ 
deed, lately been announced as a cure for this formida¬ 
ble complaint, but its use is too recent to justify a full 
decision on its merits, although experiments would seem 
to be much in its favor, In the present state of our 
knowledge of the disease, a return as nearly as possi¬ 
ble to a state of nature, in the condition of the animal, 
while in the incipient stages of the disease, appears to 
be the most likely to arrest its progress. 
The Poll Evil. 
The Poll Evil is another disease, the seat of which 
will be shown in the engraving, better than by any mere 
description. The bone of the neck nearest the head, 
and marked g, in the cut, is termed the atlas, because 
in the human being, that bone supports the head and 
it is at or near the junction of this bone with the head, 
that this troublesome and disagreeable disease is seat¬ 
ed. 
The poll evil arises from various causes, all inflicting 
more or less injury on the parts where the disease ap¬ 
pears. Hanging back in the stable, or when hitched on 
the halter or bridle—rubbing or striking the back of the 
head against the manger—unnatural stretching and 
painful tension of the ligament of the neck by unneces¬ 
sary tight reining—and not unfrequently an accidental 
or a designed blow on the poll will originate this dis¬ 
ease ; inflammation comes on, and a swelling appears, 
hot, tender and painful. As the ligament/ passes over 
the atlas g, and the seat of the inflammation is between 
the ligament and the bone beneath, it is always serious 
in its nature and difficult of treatment. Mr. Youatt, 
one of the first veterinary surgeons of the age, thus de¬ 
scribes the course to be pursued, when a horse is threat¬ 
ened with poll-evil; 
“ The first thing to be attempted is to abate the inflamma¬ 
tion by bleeding, physic, and the application of cold lotions 
to the part, By these means, the tumor will sometimes be 
dispersed. This system, however, must not be pursued too 
far. If the swelling increases, and the heat and tenderness 
likewise increase, matter.will form in the tumor ; and then 
our object will be to hasten its formation by warm fomenta¬ 
tions, poultices, or stimulating embrocations. As soon as 
any matter is formed, wLich may be known by the softness 
of the tumor, and before it has time to spread around and 
eat into the neighboring parts, it should be evacuated ; and 
now comes the whole art of treating poll-evil : the opening 
into the tumor must be so made that all the matter shall run out , 
and continue afterwards to run out as fast as it is formed, and 
not collect at the bottom of the ulcer to irritate and corrode. 
This can be effected by a seton alone. The needle should 
enter at the top of the tumor, penetrate through its bottom,, 
and be brought out through the side of the neck, a little be-, 
low the abscess. Without any thing more than this, and 
frequent applications of warm water to keep the parts clean 
and obviate inflammation, poll-evil in its early s.tage may 
usually be cured. If the ulcer has been allowed to deepen 
and spread, and threatens to eat into the ligaments of the 
joints of the neck, it may be necessary to stimulate its sur¬ 
face, and perhaps painfully so, in order to bring it to a 
healthy state and dispose it to fill up. This however, will 
be ineffectual except the pus is enabled by the use of setons, 
perfectly to run out of the wound, and the application of these 
set.ons may require the skill and anatomical knowledge of 
the veterinary surgeon. In very desperate cases it may be 
necessary, in order that the ulcer in its whole extent may be 
acted upon by caustics, to divide the ligament of the neck, 
by w'hich we have described the head as almost entirely sup¬ 
ported. This may be done with perfect safety, as the head 
