THE CULTIVATOR 
177 
ties of England. For a notice of his visit, the results 
of his investigations, and a description of the stock 
he has purchased, the reader is referred to his commu¬ 
nication on another page. We may mention here, how¬ 
ever, that he brought with him in the Hendrick Hud¬ 
son, one South Down buck and three ewes for Mr. 
Rotch of Butternuts, a buck and two ewes for Mr. 
Stevenson, United States minister to England, and'a 
buck and two ewes, all of the same breed, for Bishop 
Meade of Virginia. These sheep are from the cele¬ 
brated flock of Mr. ,Jonas Webb of Babraham, who 
took all the prizes for South Down bucks, awarded by 
the Royal Agricultural Society at its last meeting in 
Liverpool, amounting to 90 sovereigns, ($436.) 
Swine. —In addition to the extensive lot of Berk- 
shires heretofore sent home by Mr. Allen, amounting to 
over forty, Mr. A. brought with him several of the 
Kennilworth and Yorkshire breeds, which grow to the 
weight of 1000 to 1600 pounds, for a description of 
which the reader is referred to Mr. A.’s letter. 
Premium Animals and Implements. 
The portraits of Mr. Prentice’s bull and cow, which 
received premiums at Syracuse, have heretofore been 
published in the Cultivator—the former at page 133, 
current vol. and the latter as a heifer at page 173 of 
vol. 7. Portraits of Messrs. Corning & Sotham’s cow 
Matchless, and of one of their Cotswold Bucks, were 
also published in the last volume of the Cultivator. 
We publish in this paper, handsomely executed cuts of 
one of the premium Plows and one of the Drills, and 
it is our intention hereafter to give views of those 
prize animals and implements, both at the State Fair 
and at the American Institute, of which correct draw¬ 
ings can be procured. 
Sugar from Indian Corn. 
When Col. Taylor of Virginia, pronounced Indian 
corn to be “ meat, meal, and manure,” he should have 
added, as he might in strict truth, it was also oil and 
sugar. We have ourselves seen barrels of the purest 
oil, for lamps or other uses that was made from corn, and 
every one has been aware that molasses was another of 
its products. A short time since we laid before the pub¬ 
lic an inquiry from the Hon. H. L. Ellsworth of Wash¬ 
ington, as to the mode of making molasses from corn, 
and we have the pleasure of furnishing from a letter 
read at a meeting of the New-Castle (Delaware) Agri¬ 
cultural Society, from William Webb, Esq. of Wil¬ 
mington, the process which has been adopted by him, 
and which has been eminently successful, as the beau¬ 
tiful samples of sugar as well as molasses exhibited, 
clearly demonstrated. Mr. Webb says : 
“ The manner of raising the corn and making the sugar, is as 
follows:—the corn is planted in rows 2 1-2 feet apart, and the 
stalks are left to stand in the row 3 inches one from another ■ 
it is then cultivated in the usual manner. Some time in Au’- 
gust, or as soon as the stalk shows a disposition to form grain, 
the ears must be taken off; this operation must be carefully at¬ 
tended to, as upon it entirely depends success. Afterfhis, there 
is nothing more to do until the crop is ready to be taken up, 
which will generally happen in September; the stalks are then 
cut up at the root, stripped of their leaves, and taken to the 
mill where the juice is pressed out between iron rollers, in the 
way usually employed with the sugar cane. Lime water, about 
the consistency of thin cream, is then added with the juice, one 
spoonful to the gallon ; it is left to settle one hour, and then 
poured into boilers, which are covered until the liquid approach¬ 
es the boiling point, when the scum must be taken off. It is 
then boiled down as rapidly as possible, taking off the scum as 
it rises. As the juice approaches the state of syrup, it is neces¬ 
sary to slacken the fire to avoid burning. The boiling is gene¬ 
rally completed, when six quarts are reduced to one ; it is then 
poured into coolers or moulds and set aside to crystalize. 
When this process is gone through, the sugar is to be separated 
from the molasses, and the operation is finished. The process 
here detailed, gives the quality of sugar you see in the samples. 
If required, it can be afterwards refined as other sugar. The 
use of animal charcoal, and the employment of steam in the 
process of evaporation, as is common in the manufacture of 
beet sugar, would, I am confident, produce white sugar at one 
operation. From what is known on the subject, I fully believe 
that an acre of good ground treated as above described, will 
yield at least 1,000 lbs. of sugar—probably more. The value of 
the fodder taken from the stalks, and of the stalks themselves, 
after passing through the mill, will be more than an equivalent 
for the whole expense of cultivation and keeping the ground up. 
The fodder produced in this way is much superior to that usu¬ 
ally made, from its containing a greater quantity of saccharine 
matter.” 
We consider the experiments made by Mr. Webb as 
most important, and doubt not the country will find 
cause for gratification at the success of his efforts to 
produce sugar from corn. The process is remarkably 
simple, the fixtures cannot be expensive, and the diffi¬ 
culties which have hitherto attended and prevented the 
making of sugar from the beet in this country, do not 
appear in the case of corn to exist. The foreign sub¬ 
stances in beet juice render its conversion to sugar an 
intricate and delicate process ; while there seems to be 
no more obstacles in the way of making sugar from the 
corn than from the juice of the sugar cane or the maple. 
From some cause, the analyis of beets in this country, 
has not shown the quantity of sugar or saccharine mat¬ 
ter that the French or German beets produce; while from 
the fact that if there is one plant more strictly Ame¬ 
rican than another, Indian corn is that one, we may 
expect that it will be produced in greater perfection 
here than in any other part of the world. The value 
of the fodder produced will not be lost sight of in any 
estimate of the profits which are to result from the cul¬ 
tivation of corn for the manufacture of sugar. 
The exhibition of the New-Castle Society, where the 
letter from which our extracts are made was read, went 
off with the most gratifying success. There was a a fine 
show of Durham, Devon and Ayrshire cattle, fine horses, 
improved sheep and pigs, ‘ ‘ with numerous agricultural 
implements, from the all important plow and complete 
seeding machine down to the simplest hoe.” Several 
distinguished farmers from other states were present, 
among whom were Mr. Robinson of Indiana, and Mr. 
Bement of New-York. There can be no question that 
such exhibitions are attracting much more notice than 
formerly, and their beneficial effects on the public will 
be proportionably extended. 
Facts Relating' to India. 
A friend of ours in the South, has furnished us with 
a mass of facts derived from various authentic sources, 
relating to the rapid development of the resources of 
British India, its commerce, and the necessary bearing 
which they must have on the trade and agriculture of 
the United Slates, particularly the southern portion of 
it. That in time a vast agricultural and commercial 
power will exist in India, appears to us very certain. A 
race of men is growing up there, the result of a con¬ 
nection between the English military and civil ser¬ 
vants of the East India Company service, and the 
natives, possessing in a great degree the talent and 
energy of the former, and the adaptation to the climate 
of the latter ; and this race will eventually sway the 
destiny of that immense region. At the present mo¬ 
ment England is endeavoring by every means in her 
power to promote the agricultural interests of that 
country, as it is there only in all her colonial posses¬ 
sions, she can hope to find the raw material she now re¬ 
ceives from the United States, or the market for her 
manufactured products our country now furnishes. Eve¬ 
ry step therefore, she takes in India is interesting to us, 
for as a matter of course and of perfect right, England 
will prefer the products of her own territories and 
colonies to those of another and foreign nation. That 
England would gladly dispense with our cotton and our 
rice, our tobacco and our flour, could her population 
at home, her cotton spinners at Manchester, and iron 
manufacturers at Birmingham, draw their supplies of 
these articles from her own territory, or her colo¬ 
nies, there can he no question ; and it well becomes the 
American farmer and planter, as well as statesman, to 
closely watch the progress she is making to the accom¬ 
plishment of her designs. In some of them she may 
fail at first, but where the disposition and ability are 
both present, partial failures will only lead to a surer 
success in the end. The India government may not re¬ 
alize all they expected at once from their effort to intro¬ 
duce American varieties of cotton, and our modes of pro¬ 
duction and fitting for market, yet a great step has 
been gained; our cottons are there, our machines are 
there, and our citizens are teaching our methods of pro¬ 
duction and preparation ; and it would be strange in¬ 
deed, if in a country so admirably adapted to cotton as 
India, and where it has been cultivated from time im¬ 
memorial, the power and influence of Britain should 
not give a new impulse, when exerted in earnest. In 
making our selections and condensations from the facts 
furnished by our correspondent, we shall begin with 
rice. 
It is well known that rice is a most important article 
of food, not only in the East Indies, where a mixture 
of boiled rice and melted butter called Ghee, is the prin¬ 
cipal food of the natives, but also in the West India 
Islands, where the supply has hitherto been mostly de¬ 
rived from the United States. Since the extensive cul¬ 
tivation of rice for export has been commenced inlndia, 
large quantities are delivered in the British West Indies 
from Calcutta. In 1838, Calcutta exported to Mauritius 
• and Bourbon, 151,923,696 lbs. worth $4,557,710. or 
double the amount we annually export. In 1836, 66,000 
bags of cleaned rice were imported into Liverpool from 
the East Indies, and only 450 casks of Carolina. In 
1839, 97,000 of East India rice, and none of Carolina. 
In 1840, a considerable quantity of uncleaned Carolina 
rice, (paddy) was entered at Liverpool, and there was 
a corresponding falling off in the East India importa¬ 
tion. There can be no question that India is abundant¬ 
ly able to compete with the United States in producing 
rice as well as cotton. The valleys of the Ganges. 
Irawaddy, and the other numerous rivers of India have 
been from time immemorial the great rice fields of In¬ 
dia,and the quantity that might be produced is immense. 
Dr. Roxburg states “ that he never knew or heard of 
an Indian farmer manuring in the smallest degree a 
rice field ; yet these fields have probably for thousands 
of years, continued to yield annually a large crop of 
rice, on an average of thirty to sixty fold ; even eighty 
to a hundred have been .known.” The production of 
rice, is, at this time, rapidly increasing, and the best 
American machines for cleaning are now in use on the 
Ganges. 
The astonishing increase of the importation of East 
India articles of produce into Great Britain, and the 
necessary increase of production in that region, may be 
inferred from a few facts. In 1831, the importation of 
sugar was 60,000 cwts ; in 1836, 152,163 cwts ; in 1840, 
600,000 cwts ; and the present year it is expected to be 
over 1,800,000 cwts. Cotton has increased in the same 
rapid ratio. The importation of India cotton in 1839, 
Avas 47,233,959 lbs.; in 1840, 76,703,295 lbs.; or almost 
doubling in two years. Of Coffee, the importation into 
Britain from India in 1834, was 3,000,000 of lbs. and 
in 1840, 15.000,000. England exports at the present 
time to India about 25 millions worth of her manufac¬ 
tures annually ; to the United States she sends nearly 
50 millions. An able writer in the Journal of Com¬ 
merce, Avho signs himself a “ South Carolinian,” gives 
the following as the causes Avhich have produced this 
result: 
“ 1st. From the consolidation of the British power in the con¬ 
quered provinces, preventing the native chiefs from warring on 
each other; thus securing to the people peace—the first ele¬ 
ment of a nation’s prosperity. 
“ 2d. The abolition of the trading charter of the East India 
company, and the modification of their political powers. 
“ 3d. The spread of education and Christianity. 
“4th. The reduction in England of the duties on East India 
produce; such as sugar, cotton, rice, &c. 
“ 5th. The stimulus given to the cultivation of the above arti¬ 
cles by the high prices in England and on the continent; the in¬ 
troduction of steam power on the rivers of the east; the invest¬ 
ment of large amounts by English merchants and agricultur¬ 
ists ; and the increased facilities of intercourse between the' 
East Indies and Europe. 
“6th. The exertions of the East India company to improve 
the quantity and quality of Indian cotton by introducing Ameri¬ 
can gins and seeds, by granting premiums, and by establishing 
numerous agricultural societies in each of the presidencies. 
“7th. The establishment of the British India Society, which 
was instituted for the express purpose of inquiring into the op¬ 
pressions of the East India company’s government; for reduc¬ 
ing the enormous salaries of the company’s officers; for the 
abolition of the iniquitous land tax, which is one of the chief 
causes that has kept the agriculture and commerce of the 
country in such a depressed state, and the abolition of the salt 
and other heavy internal duties and taxes.” 
These combined causes have produced already, nu¬ 
merous reforms and improvements in the social, poli¬ 
tical and agricultural condition of India, and there is 
reason to believe that the influences now acting will con¬ 
tinue to increase, and be more and more felt in the im¬ 
ports and exports, the warehouses and the products of 
Europe and the United States. There is little reason to 
question that the agriculture of the Mississippi valley is 
to be brought in conflict with that of the Ganges ; that 
the cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar, of our southern states 
is to find formidable rivals in the markets of Europe 
with the same articles grown in Asia, and this fact 
should be kept constantly in view by those who are in¬ 
terested in the success of American agriculture and 
home manufactures. Distances in these days are be¬ 
coming as nothing ; steam has triumphed over space, 
and that population will maintain the supremacy in 
agriculture and commerce, which ranks the highest in 
intellectual power, moral tone, and social freedom. 
Fair of the American Institute. 
The Fair of that noble association, the American 
Institute at New-York, commenced, agreeable to notice, 
on the 11th of October, and attracted the attention and 
attendance of multitudes until its final close on the 25th. 
The arrangement of the vast number of beautiful and 
useful articles, although commenced early, was not 
completed until near the close of the Aveek, when the 
spacious halls of Niblo’s Gardens exhibited a scene 
which excited the admiration of all. The implements 
displayed Avere apparently innumerable ; every specta¬ 
tor found much to interest and instruct. The agricul- 
turist was gratified at the fine specimens of farm pro¬ 
ducts, the improved implements, and the proofs thatmet 
him every where of the importance deservedly attached 
to his pursuits ; the manufacturers looked with delight 
on the evidences of the high state of perfection to which 
skill and enterprise has advanced the manufacturing 
arts among us ; and the friends of domestic industry 
rejoiced in the proofs seen on every hand that labor is 
not unknown or lightly esteemed in the home of the 
American farmer and mechanic. There can scarcely 
be an article named, either as ornamental or useful, 
that had not its representative at the Fair ; and as the 
living tide of spectators day after day swept through 
the halls with these specimens of American industry, a 
feeling of regret Avould arise in the breast of the pa¬ 
triot, that foreign nations should tax us so heavily for 
what we are so abundantly able to provide for our 
selves. 
The shoAv of animals took place near Portsmouth 
street, and although there were some little defects in the 
arrangement, the show was fine and the animals on the 
ground were beautiful. A great number of horses were 
exhibited, among which Messenger, the splendid bay 
horse that took the first prize at the State Fair at Sy¬ 
racuse, attracted much notice. There was a number 
of very fine bulls and coavs on the ground, and one, the 
property of Mr. Townsend, a beautiful milch cow, pro¬ 
ducing 33 quarts of milk per day, elicited much admi¬ 
ration. At no former exhibition has the display of 
swine equaled the present. There Avere some few im¬ 
ported hogs ; and as usual the Berkshire and Chinese 
Avere most numerous and the greatest favorites. 
The official report of so much of the proceedings as 
relates to the ploAving match, award of premiums on 
stock, agricultural implements, &c. Avill be given in our 
next, it not having come to hand Avhen this paper was 
sent to press. 
Large Crops. 
It Avill be seen by reference to the notice of the 
Fairs of Oneida and Cayuga counties, in another part 
of this paper, that the premium crops of Indian corn 
in those counties, were 144, 121, 97, 84 and 83 bushels 
per acre, the largest being raised by our friend Osborn 
of Cayuga, Avhose oat crop of 1839, (130 bushels to the 
acre,) has never to our knowledge been beaten; we 
rather think, hoAvever, that Mr. Ingell of Oswego, 
judging from his last year’s crop, will bear off the 
prize for the largest crop of Indian corn. Who will 
compete with these gentlemen for the premiums offered 
by the Slate Society for the best field crops ? 
