THE CULTIVATOR. 
measures, one foot above the ground, ten feet in cir¬ 
cumference—and at nine feet above the ground, six and 
a half feet. The space covered by the branches, from 
Outside to outside, is sixty-nine feet. In the year 1834, 
it yielded 134 bushels of pears—in 1839, 80 bushels—in 
1840, it produced one hundred and forty bushels. It is per¬ 
fectly hardy, a constant bearer, and, as the above indi¬ 
cates, an enormously productive kind. It is an early fall 
pear—fruit about the size of a turkey’s egg - , and rating as 
to quality with about the third grade of dessert pears. 
iktmuarg ^Department. 
ALTERING MALE QUADRUPEDS. 
After commencing operation as a farmer, I observed 
with regret, the barbarous method of operating on do¬ 
mestic animals, particularly upon swine, and in filling 
the bag with salt or ashes; but those who were accus¬ 
tomed to this method could not be persuaded to adopt any 
other practice. The salt and ashes applied on such oc¬ 
casions act as a styptic and prevent bleeding, but they 
excite inflammation and endanger the life of the animal. 
I have noticed the agony and uneasiness of pigs afier 
such applications, and have recommended milder ones. 
In 1840 I lost a large shoat in three days after the opera¬ 
tion, and came near losing a steer by bleeding from the 
cord. The method which I consider preferable is ex¬ 
hibited in the following instances : 
Sept. 15th, 1842. Altered a large Berkshire boar 3^ 
years old, one that no person would undertake to castrate, 
lest he should die after the operation. I found a man, 
however, who was willing to act under my directions. 
He used a sharp knife and made a smooth cut, and after 
laying bare the testis, I applied a ligature on the cord, 
as a surgeon would to a bleeding artery, and then cut the 
cord below the ligature. The second testis was removed 
in the same manner, and the wound dressed with a mix¬ 
ture of tar and grease. The operation was soon per¬ 
formed, there was no bleeding from the wound, and the 
animal seemed to mind it no more than a kick. He eat 
his allowance daily afterwards, and never fell off in flesh 
from the operation, and is now (Nov.) a fat hog. 
On the same day nine boar pigs which had been weaned 
some time, were altered without tying the cord, and the 
wounds rubbed with the mixture of tar and grease. They 
never lost a meal nor appeared to suffer pain or inconve¬ 
nience from the operation, and all speedily recovered. 
October 7th, 1842. Altered a two year old Galway 
bull by the same method. Having prepared a waxed 
thread, the cord was tied, and the testes removed as in 
the case of the boar, with the loss of only a few drops 
of blood in cutting through the skin. The wound was 
nibbed with the tar and grease, and the animal after be¬ 
ing kept in the barn yard a few nights, was suffered to 
run in the field. The ligature comes away by the slough¬ 
ing or rotting of the lower end of the cord, anil then Hie 
wound heals. 
On the same day another stout Berkshire boar, one 
year old, was operated upon in the same manner, with¬ 
out the loss of blood or flesh. He recovered rapidly and 
is now (Nov. 9th,) in a fair way to make a heavy porker. 
Richmond. 
FOOT ROT IN SHEEP. 
Respected Friends —Having seen several recipes in 
your paper on the treatment of the foot rot in sheep, and 
having tried them all, to very little or no purpose, I dis¬ 
covered by accident a cheap and sure cure, without much 
trouble or injury to the sheep, viz:—Take a few bushels 
of lime, and put it near someplace over which the sheep 
have to pass, say the bars; and as it is natural for sheep 
to jump, take notice where they alight, and place the 
lime there, about 3 inches deep. This did effectually 
cure my flock in about one w'eek. The lime should be 
fresh and slacked, and not less than 3 inches deep; if 
deeper, it might take the hair off the leg above the hoof. 
Wilmington, Del. 8 mo. 4th, 1842. T. Baynes. 
RELIEF OF CHOKED CATTLE. 
Messrs. Editors —In the July number of the Culti¬ 
vator (current volume) Mr. J. Judson objects to the use 
of the hickory piston, in relieving choked cattle, because 
there is danger of “bursting the pipe.” The method 
proposed by him is easily tried, and in most cases may 
be effectual. But should it fail, try the piston. There 
is no danger, 'provided, before using it, you go to your 
pork barrel and get a piece of pork rind as large as your 
two hands, double it over the end of the piston, flesh side 
out, and make it secure by tying. I have seen the above 
used without harm, and with perfect success. 
Berlin, Conn. Aug. 19, 1842. R. North, Jr. 
Inflammation of the Stomach in Cattle. —It is 
well known that when animals are taken from grass and 
put on different food, inflammation frequently supervenes. 
Mr. Climenson gives an instance in which 22 bullocks 
were taken from grass, and put on white turneps and 
hay, without water. After being on this four days, one 
bullock was found dead, and three more in a dying state. 
On examining the first that died, “ the food was found 
quite dry and hard in the first and second stomachs, and 
also in the manifold: the fourth stomach was inflamed, 
the inner coat peeling off.” Castor oil, Epsom salts and 
sulphur with carbonate of soda, were given the living 
ones but produced no effect: the three died. The re¬ 
mainder were purged with salts and sulphur, their food 
changed, and they all recovered. 
FOREIGN NOTICES. 
Sale of Short Horns in England _The New 
Farmers’ Journal of Oct. 3, furnishes us with a statement 
of the sale of the stock of Short Homs belonging to Mr. 
Smith of West Rusen. There were 37 cows and heifers 
over two years old, sold at an average of 31| guineas 
($146 79) per head; the highest bringing 150 guineas. 
The heifers, under 2 years and calves, of which 27 were 
sold, brought an average of 24 guineas ($111 84.) There 
were 14 bulls and bull calves sold at an average of 43^ 
guineas; the highest on the list was a two year old bull, 
sired by Sir Thomas Fairfax (the sire of Mr. Prentice’s 
Fairfax,) which brought 255 guineas ($1,188 30.) The 
next highest on the list brought 70 guineas. 
Preparation of Night Soil.— The value of night 
soil, and its preparations, consists in the great quantity 
of ammonia or nitrogen it contains, in which it exceeds 
all other animal substances, bones excepted. The fol¬ 
lowing, which we find in the Farmers’ Magazine, is a 
plain and easy method of preparing this manure, in such 
a manner that its value shall be fully retained, while the 
offensive odor is effectually destroyed:—“ To every 100 
lbs. of night soil, add 7 lbs. of sulphate of lime (gypsum,) 
in powder; a double decomposition will ensue, and the 
result will be, instead of sulphate of lime and carbonate 
of ammonia, carbonate of lime and sulphate of ammonia, 
the latter a soluble salt that cannot be volatilized. It 
may now be mixed with other compost, or dried any way 
thought proper, and applied to the roots of the vegetable, 
to be again transformed into bread, butter, cheese,” &c. 
It is probable that the mixture of the gypsum, as recom¬ 
mended above, thoroughly with the night soil, and then 
incorporating it with compost, will be found the best 
method in which it can be used by the farmer. 
(From our Correspondent.) 
The losses of the corn speculators in England, this har¬ 
vest, are estimated at £2, 000,000 sterling. Failures con¬ 
tinue to be very numerous, both here and on the continent. 
The present year seems also likely to be as conspicu¬ 
ous in the seed time as in the harvest season. Favorable 
weather for preparing the land and sowing the winter 
wheat, does not always insure a good crop, but it is one 
of the first and most important steps towards the attain¬ 
ment of that object. 
The diseases among horned cattle, as well as that a- 
mongst sheep, still continue to be excessively injurious, 
and the losses from it fall very severely on the farmers 
in all parts of the empire, just now. 
Dr. Buckland, the geologist, Dr. Lyon Playfair, the 
translator of Professor Liebig’s work on “ Organic Che¬ 
mistry,” and Mr. George Stephenson, the civil engineer, 
have been on a visit to Drayton Manor. Sir Robert Peel 
invited his principal tenants and the leading agricultu¬ 
rists in the neighborhood, to meet them at breakfast, in 
order that they might profit by the opportunity of per¬ 
sonal intercourse with men of so much eminence. A par¬ 
ty of upwards of 30 persons was assembled. Conversa¬ 
tions took place in the course of the morning, of the most 
interesting nature, on various subjects connected with the 
improvement of agriculture—on the necessity of drain¬ 
ing, as the foundation of all other improvements—on the 
use of lime as manure—on the feeding of cattle, and the 
importance of warmth as well as food, &c. 
The Beach Tree _The communication of “H. A. 
P.” published in a late No. of the Cultivator, in which 
the writer came to the conclusion that for some reason 
as yet unexplained, this tree has always escaped the ef¬ 
fects of atmospheric electricity, has brought to light se¬ 
veral instances in which it has not thus escaped. Prof. 
Loomis, of the Western Reserve College, informs us, 
in the Ohio Observer, that during a storm at Hudson, June 
22, 1841, a beech tree was struck by lightning. “ The 
tree was perhaps seventy feet high, of good size, the 
lower half being quite fresh and vigorous, .the upper part 
entirely dead and dry. The top limbs were shivered into 
a. large number of fragments and scattered in all direc¬ 
tions. The marks of the lightning are very evident until 
it came to the green limbs, after which no traces of if 
could be perceived. The green trunk is supposed to be 
so good a conductor as to have conveyed off the fluid 
with little resistance.” 
A writer in the Western Reserve Cabinet, gives three 
instances, which occurred in Cabel Co. Va. In the first, 
the electric fluid struck the highest branch of a tall white 
wood tree, and after descending about 20 feet, divided, 
and one portion of it passed down the branch of a beech 
tree the distance of 10 feet, and a few feet down the 
trunk, when it returned to the white wood tree 10 feet 
from the ground. Both were dead trees. In the second 
case, the electric fluid first passed down one of the large 
branches, then entering the heart or pith, descended into 
the ground beneath the center, splitting the tree from the 
top to the roots. In the third case, the lightning de¬ 
scended a beach tree, and killed two hogs which were 
lying near its roots. All these trees were in the same 
neighborhood. Supposing these instances to be excep¬ 
tions to a general rule, the writer greatly doubts the cor¬ 
rectness of H. A. P.’s conclusions, and the practical ap¬ 
plications which he suggests. He thinks that a building, 
instead of being protected by beech trees standing near, 
would, on that very account, be more likely to be struck; 
and in any event, they would not ward off the fiery bolt 
more than a few feet, and consequently would be entirely 
useless in protecting buildings of any kind. 
In addition to these instances, we see it stated in the 
papers that four young men were instantaneously killed 
by lightning on the 21st July last, near Brewersvillc, Ky. 
“ They had taken shelter from the storm under a beech 
tree, which, according to a popular error, is supposed 
to be a non-conductor of electricity; but, in this in¬ 
stance, it unfortunately proved otherwise.” 
Fair of the American Institute. —The show of 
stock, though embracing some very superior animals of 
all kinds, was not as large as usual. Dr. Poole of New- 
Brunswick was the most extensive contributor. To him 
was awarded two prizes on heifers, (one to an Alderney,) 
one on his stallion “Raritan,” and one for his imported 
Spanish Jack, “Don Juan.” Our friend Henry Watson 
of East W indsor was there with specimens of his skill 
in breeding; and to his “Prince Hal,” a 2 year old 
Durham, was awarded the prize for the second best bull 
on the ground—his “ Betsey Wilson” aiso received the 
prize for the best brood mare. Mr. Prentice of Mount 
Hope, near this city, had a choice selection from his 
herd on the ground, and he received the prizes for the 
best bull, (Fairfax) over 2 years old—for the best bull 
calf, (Cato, sired by Fairfax,)—and for the the best 
(Matilda) and second best (Daisy) cows. The usual va¬ 
riety of premiums was awarded, and we shall try and 
make room in our next for a list of those relating par¬ 
ticularly to the husbandman. 
RENEWAL OF SUBSCRIPTIONS. 
Subscribers to “ The Cultivator,” in the several cities, can 
renew their subscriptions, by applying to thefollowiug Agents : 
New-York: Dayton & Newman, booksellers, 199 Broadway— 
I. Post, bookseller, 88 Bowery— Boston: E. Wight, druggist, 
Milk st—C. M. Hovey&Co. seedsmen, 7 Merchants’ Row— Phi- 
ladelphia: Landreth & Fulton, seedsmen—Judah Dobson, book¬ 
seller— Baltimore : Dr. G. B. Smith—R. Sinclair, Jr. Sc Co. seeds¬ 
men— Washington City: F. Taylor, bookseller—J. F. Callan & 
Co. seedsmen— Richmond, Va.: R. Hill Jr. Sc Co.— Charleston, S. 
C.: D. M. Landreth, seedsman— New Haven, Ct.: Geo. Sherman 
—Hartjord, Ct. : E. W. Bull, druggist— Pittsburg, Pa.: R. G. 
Berford, bookseller—St Louis, Mo. : E. P. P, ttes— Nashville, 
Tenn.: A. Fall —Providence, R. I.: A. H. Stilwell, bookseller— 
Utica: Wm. Bristol, druggist— Montreal: B. Brewster— Toronto, 
V. C.: Eastwood & Skinner, booksellers—St. John,N.B : T.H. 
Wentworth, Esq— St. Andrews, N. B. : G. F. Campbell, P. M.— 
Halifax, N. S. : C. H. Belcher, bookseller—A. W. Godfrey— Corn¬ 
wallis, N. S.: Dr. C. C. Hamilton— Norfolk, Va.: R. Northington 
—Lynchburg, Va. : Micajah Davis, Jr.— Augusta, Geo.: William 
Haines, Jr.— Greensboro, Geo : J. Cunningham & Sons— Jack- 
son, Miss. : James Elliot — Tuscaloosa, Ala. : W. D. Marrast, P. 
M.— Montgomery, Ala. : N. Blue, P. M.— Sparta. Geo.: R.S. 
Hardwick— Rochester: Sam’l Hamilton, 8 Buffalo st. 
NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS, &c. 
Communications have been received during the past month, 
from S. W. Jewett, Wm. Partridge, W. R. p", Inquirer, James 
Jones, D. A. Buckley, C. Butler, T. M. Niven, Richmond, N. B. 
Cloud, Solon Robinson, Salmon Higgins, A. G. C., S. Wurmser, 
(we have sent his inquiries to Mr. Webb of Delaware, in the 
hope that he will favor us with a reply to them,) C. N. Bemcnt, 
T. C. Peters, P. L. Simmonds, F. J. Betts, M., A Country Friend 
to the Institute. 
Out thanks are due also to Hon. Wm. C. Rives and J. S. Skin¬ 
ner, Esq. for copies of Mr. Rives’ Address before the Albemarle 
Ag. Society, on the 29th Oct.—to J. M. Garnett, Esq. for a copy 
of his Address at Wilmington,—to Hon. Robert Denniston, for a 
copy of the Report of the American Institute for 1S41—to John 
Caldwell, Esq. for his Address to the Orange Co. Ag. Society—to 
Wm. Miller, Esq. Richmond, Va. for his Report of his visit to the 
North—to Wiley $ Putnam, booksellers, N. York, for the two 
last parts of the Journal of the Royal Ag. Society, and for the 
first number of the Chemical Gazette, to be published semi¬ 
monthly in London—to the Editors of the London New Farmers’ 
Journal, for the continued files of that valuable journal, and to 
friends in different parts of the country, for numerous papers, 
containing accounts of Fairs, Sec. 
With all our efforts to compress as much as possible, our 
broad and solid pages, and the liberty we have taken in short¬ 
ening very many of the communications * wc have published, 
we have still quite a number on file for publication in the next 
volume. Among these arc the favors of Messrs. Niven, Jewett, 
Jones, Thomas, G. B. and L. Smith, Partridge, Betts. Croche- 
ron, Durand, Simmonds, Weeks, Weller, Shattuck, Horsfield, 
Long, Willard, Hitchcock, Beach, Friend Hasty, A Young Farm¬ 
er, A. H. C., W. R. P., A Yankee Farmer, See. 
* This is particularly the case in the piesenl number, and has 
been done, not because there was any thing objectionable in the 
parts omitted, but simply that we might make room for a great¬ 
er number of the favors of our friends, and on this account we 
trust they will excuse the liberty we have taken. 
FALL OF RAIN. 
T HE RAIN GTJAGE, greatly improved by L. P. Casella, mem¬ 
ber of the Council of the Meteorological Society of Great 
Britain : a neat ornament for the garden or pleasure ground, so 
perfect yet simple in its construction, as to be used with the 
greatest ease, while a knowledge of the weekly and monthly fall 
of rain, afforded by it, is found of important service to the agri¬ 
culturist and florist, and affords also a high degree of satisfac¬ 
tion to the contemplative admirer of nature. Price with de¬ 
scription, £2 sterling. 
Marine and house barometers, symplesometers, saccharome- 
ters, hydrometers, and guaging instruments, sold at TAGLIA- 
BUE & CASELLA’S’, manufacturers and opticians, 23 Hatton 
Garden, London; sole agents for Robert’s esteemed work on 
British wine making and domestic brewing, price 5s., or with 
the saccharometcr, 10s. 6 d. Wholesale and retail, home and 
foreign orders promptly attended to, if accompanied by a re¬ 
mittance, or reference for payment in London. 
HUSSEY’S REAPING MACHINE. 
G RAIN GROWERS of the United States, are respectfully in¬ 
formed that the subscriber continues to manufacture his 
Reaping Machines in Baltimore. He has made great improve¬ 
ments during the past year, by which more than 20 acres can he 
cut by machine in one day. Besides which a pair of for¬ 
ward wheels have been added, to support the fore part of the 
machine, which formerly rested on the shaft horse ; this admits 
of a tongue to gear two horses abreast. 
HUSSEY’S CORN AND COB CRUSHER, 
which obtained the first premium at the exhibition of the New- 
York State Agricultural Society, held at Albany, on the 27th, 
28th, and 29th of Sept. 1842, will be kept constantly on hand foi 
sale; warranted to crush finer and faster at the same fineness, 
than any other implement for the same purpose. Orders may 
be directed to the subscriber, at Baltimore, Md. 
Baltimore, Md. Nov. 23, 1842. OBED HUSSEY. 
