Packakd.] the POPULATION OP AN APPLE TREE. 177 
vireus ), least pewee ( Empidonax minimus ), Wilson’s thrush 
(Turdus fuscescens), black and white creeper (Mniotilta 
varia ), blue yellow-backed warbler (Parula Americana ), 
Maryland yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas ), Nashville war¬ 
bler (Helminthophaga ruficapilla'), golden-crowned thrush 
(Seiurus aurocapillus) , chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica 
Pensylvanica) , yellow warbler (D . cestiva), black and yellow 
warbler (D. maculosa ), prairie warbler ( D . discolor ), black- 
polled warbler (D. striata ), Canada warbler (Myiodioctes 
Canadensis ), redstart (Setophaga ruticilla ), cedar bird (im- 
peZis cedrorum ), cat bird (ilfmits Carolinensis) , purple 
finch (Carpodacus purpureus ), white'winged crossbill (CW- 
virostra leucoptera) , chipping sparrow (Spizella socialis ), 
indigo bird (Cyanospiza cyanea ), red-winged blackbird 
(Agelaius phoeniceus) , cow blackbird (Molothrus pecoris ), 
bob-o-link (Dolichonyx oryzivorus ), Baltimore oriole (Icterus 
Baltimore). 
‘ Possibly this list may be increased. Besides these birds, 
those species which occur in orchards during autumn and 
winter, such as the ruby crowned wren, brown creeper, nut¬ 
hatches and titmice, doubtless eat largely of the eggs of 
canker worms and other insects which destroy or injure the 
trees. Winter birds of the above species which I have shot 
at this time have their stomachs crammed with insects of 
some kind. 
‘As I remarked to you the other evening, the Baltimore 
oriole will eat largely of the tent caterpillar, and is the only 
bird which will do this. 
‘All the thrushes will eat wire worms. The swallows de¬ 
stroy multitudes of dipterous insects (gnats, etc.). In fact, 
to sum the matter up there is scarcely a bird which will not 
eat largely of insects at certain seasons, when these pests 
are most abundant. 
‘It is a noticeable fact that many species inhabiting woods 
and meadows, as may be seen by the list given, leave their 
12 17 
