Packard.] RELATIONS OF INSECTS TO MAN. 
95 
duced by feeding his bees exclusively with malt. This honey 
excited great interest, and the question was raised whether 
this substance was real honey, and whether, consequently, 
the bee was able to change malt-sugar in its stomach into 
honey.Dr. Yon Schneider arrived at the conclusion 
that the carbo-hydrates, sucrose and dextrose, contained in 
the malt are actually changed by the bee into honey sugar, 
and that Mehring’s honey only differs from other honeys in 
the absence of the specific aroma which is imparted to them 
by the flowers from which the bees have been gathering. 
Now,” adds the “Academy,” in quoting the account from the 
“Bienen Zeitung” “after the fact had been established that 
honey and wax are not substances found as such by the bee, 
but are productions which have undergone chemical change 
through contact with the secretions of the insect, Prof. Yon 
Siebold directed his attention to the investigation of the se¬ 
creting organs, a branch of anatomy which indeed had not 
been entirely neglected, but which is now treated for the 
first time with regard to the special functions those organs 
appear to perform in the preparation of the products of the 
bee. Prof. Yon Siebold distinguishes three entirely distinct 
and very complicated systems of salivary glands, two of 
which (a lower and upper) are situated in the head, and the 
third in the anterior part of the thorax, the latter having 
been erroneously regarded by Fischer as a lung. Each of 
them has separate excretory ducts, and is distinguished by 
a specifically different form and organization of the vesicles 
secreting the saliva. Each consists of a right and left 
glandular mass, with right and left excretory ducts. For 
the detailed account of their minute structure we must refer 
to the paper itself, and the plate accompanying it. It may 
however be mentioned that this extraordinary development 
of the salivary organs has been observed by Prof. Yon 
Siebold in the workers only. The queen possesses only 
a rudiment of the lower cephalic system in the form of the 
31 
