lis shell is broken, and a new white butterfly comes out. If, 
however, the pupation takes place late in the fall, the insect 
passes the winter in the pupa stage, a butterfly emerging 
from it in early spring. 
As has been said, this insect is the most injurious to ag¬ 
riculture of all butterflies. It has become so widespread 
and so abundant that many cabbage crops are entirely ruined 
by it. The extensive market gardens about New York city 
have been very much infested by these insects, and immense 
losses have been sustained due to their ravages. It is pos¬ 
sible, however, to protect this crop by the application of 
proper materials to kill the young larvae as soon as they 
appear upon the plants. 
This insect has many natural enemies among birds and 
among other insects. You may frequently have seen certain 
birds darting through the air, catching up the white butterflies 
and carrying them off. Another common sight also is that 
of certain sparrows in the cabbage fields early in the morn¬ 
ing picking off the green worms. Certain insects known as 
parasites attack the bodies of the caterpillars and destroy the 
life within them in maintaining their own existence. The 
caterpillars are often destroyed also by a bacterial disease; 
nevertheless, farmers and gardeners cannot depend upon such 
agencies to protect their crops. 
Many remedies have been tried from time to time, of which 
the following are most frequently recommended : 
Hot water at 130 ° Fahrenheit, sprinkled upon the green 
worms, will kill the young larvae without injuring the cabbage 
plants. This treatment, however, is not always convenient. 
Kerosene, diluted with soapy water, when sprayed upon 
the larvae, is a more satisfactory insecticide, killing the young 
worms very quickly without injuring the plants. 
Instead of kerosene, Paris green, or some other arsenical 
poison, when sufficiently diluted, is sprinkled upon the young 
plants. Such material should not be used upon plants which 
are heading, on account of the likelihood of the poison being 
carried to the kitchen. The older plants may be safely 
treated with hellebore or pyrethrum (the latter known also 
as insect powder), diluting the fresh powders with six or eight 
parts of a cheap flour, mixing them thoroughly and dusting 
pver the plants or by stirring one ounce of the powder in four 
