24 
The Ancient Fauna of Essex. 
“ The remains of the Proboscidse are numerous, and are 
referable to two species— Elephas primigenius and E. antiquus. 
This group is not only numerous in specimens (about three 
hundred), but also in individuals, of which there are the 
remains of eighty-four, as indicated by jaws and teeth alone, 
exclusive of the tusks ; of these there are fourteen examples, 
large and small. Even assuming that many of the limb and 
other bones might have belonged to one or the other of these 
individuals, we may still fairly estimate that there are 
portions of more than one hundred Elephants in the col¬ 
lection ; for there are few instances in which more than one 
bone could be assigned to the same animal. Of the greater 
portion of the bones of the skeleton there are many fine 
examples, and they illustrate, together with the teeth and 
jaws, individuals of every age and size—from the smallest 
sucking-calf to the animal of most mature age. 
“ The Pachyderms are represented by three genera, viz., 
Rhinoceros , Equus, and Hippopotamus; and collectively com¬ 
prise 121 specimens. Of the Rhinoceros , remains of three 
species are present— R. leptorliinus, R. megarhinus, and R. 
tichorhinus, those of the first being the most numerous. Of 
this species there are seventy-seven separate remains, con¬ 
sisting of skulls, jaws, detached teeth, vertebrae, and limb- 
bones. The Megarliine Rhinoceros, of which there are seven 
examples, is comparatively rare at Ilford; whilst at Grays, 
a few miles off, it is the species most frequently found. The 
Tichorhine Rhinoceros is also rare in this locality, being only 
represented hT the collection by two fragments. The same 
remark applies to the two species of Elephants occurring in 
these deposits; for whereas the Mammoth ( Elephas primi- 
genius) is the common species at Ilford, and E. antiquus the 
less prevalent form, the Grays deposit, on the contrary, yields 
a larger number of the latter species, whilst the former is 
there more seldom met with. Of the remains of the Horse 
there are thirty-four specimens, including a fine fragment of 
the skull. The Hippopotamus is only represented by a single 
fragment—the body of a lumbar vertebra. 
“ The Ruminant remains constitute fully one-lialf of the 
