The Ancient Fauna of Essex. 
11 
earths the remains of the Lion, the Bear, the Mammoth, the 
Straiglit-tusked Elephant, the Small-nosed Rhinoceros, the 
fossil Horse, the Gigantic Irish Deer, the Bison, the Reindeer, 
the Musk-Ox (fig. 4), theElk, the Marmot, the Fox, and the Red 
Deer ; and to this list might be added from other localities of 
similar age, the Hyaena, the Sabre-toothed Tiger, the Antelope, 
the Glutton, the Gigantic Beaver, the Southern Elephant, and 
Sedgwick’s Deer—a very large Deer with branching antlers, 
which, with the Gigantic Beaver and Elephas meridionalis , 
occur in the Norfolk forest-bed. If we divide these animals 
into groups, we shall find first a series from the South, such 
as the Sabre-toothed Tiger, the Cave Lion, the Hy^na, the 
Straight-tusked Elephant, the Southern Elephant, the 
Rhinoceros leptorhinus , Rhinoceros megarhinus, and the Hippo¬ 
potamus. Then there are a number of Eastern forms, such 
as the Lynx, the Mammoth, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the 
Gigantic Ox, the Bison—which now 7 remains preserved by the 
Emperor of Russia in Lithuania—and the Brown Bear; for 
my colleague, Mr. Wm. Dawes, F.G.S., informs me that a 
subsequent examination of these remains of the Bear from 
Ilford proved them to belong to the Brown Bear, Ursus ferox, 
and not the old species, Ursus spelceus. Then we have a 
number of extreme Northern forms associated in this same 
series of brick-earths, such as the Musk Ox, the Reindeer, 
the Elk, the Marmot, the Lemming, the Lagomys , and the 
Glutton. The Pouched Marmot, Spermophilus , occurs in the 
Thames Valley. The Lemming and the Tailless Hare have 
not yet been found here, but in the valley of the Avon ; 
the Glutton, another Arctic form, has been found in the 
caves of Banwell, Bleadon, and Gower. The Sabre-toothed 
Tiger 9 does not occur in Essex, but it has been found in 
Norfolk associated with the Gigantic Beaver. Then, in 
addition to those animals which have come from the South, 
the East, and the North, there are certain forms—the 
9 The range of the Machairodus or Sabre-toothed Tiger is truly remark¬ 
able. Its remains have been obtained from South America ; from British 
and French caves; from Epplesheim ; from the Yal d’Arno, Italy; and 
from the Sewalik Hills, in India (see fig. 7, p. 15). 
