The Ancient Fauna of Essex. 
7 
Cervus elaphus, Linn. Red Deer.—Abundant, of all ages. 3 
,, capreolus , Linn. Roebuck.—Not common. 
,, clama, Linn. Fallow Deer.—One antler (probably 
recent). 
,, tarandus, Linn. Reindeer.—Antlers, rare. 
Alces palmatus (C. dices), Linn. Elk.—Rare. 
Capra liircus , Linn. Goat.—Abundant, many skulls of kids. 
Bos primigenius, Boj. Gigantic Ox.—Not common. 
,, longifrons, Owen. Small Ox.—Common. 
,, frontosus ? Nilss.—Rare. 
Aves. 
Halimtus pelagicus. Sea Eagle.—(Tibia) Rare. 
Sp. ?—A few bones. 
Pisces. 
Sp. ? —(Vertebrae, &c. ) Rare. 
From tlie lower beds reached in excavating for the “ puddle- 
wall ” were obtained :— 
Elephas primigenius , Blum. — Portions of tusk and molar 
tooth. 
Bos primigenius , Bojanus.—Head and horn cores. 
Cervus strongyloceros, Owen.—Base of a gigantic antler. 
The most interesting of the animal-remains from these 
later deposits are :—The Roebuck (Cervus capreolus), the Wild 
Boar (Sus scrofa-ferox ), the Wolf ( Canis lupus), the Gigantic 
Ox (Bos primigenius), the Elk (Alces palmatus), the Reindeer 
( Cervus tarandus), and the Beaver ( Castor europceus). 
The Roebuck is now confined to Scotland, but it was 
formerly as widely distributed as the Red Deer through our 
English Forests. 
The Wild Boar 4 is now exterminated in this country ; but, 
judging by its remains, it was once most abundant in the 
forests of Essex. 
The Wolf 5 has also been entirely killed out in this country. 
Its remains prove that it was very abundant in Waltham¬ 
stow Forest. 
3 The antlers and tynes of the Eed Deer were in many instances cut 
previously to their having been imbedded. 
4 See Harting’s ‘Extinct British Animals,’ 8vo, 1880, pp. 77—114, 
5 Op. cit ., pp. 115--205, 
