6 
The Ancient Fauna of Essex. 
The following is a list of the land and fresh-water shells 
which were obtained by me from the shell-marl at the 
Reservoirs of the East London Water-works Company, 
Walthamstow Marshes, Essex :— 
Helix hortensis, Miiller. 
,, nemoralis, Linn. 
,, arbustorum, Linn. 
,, ericetorum, Mull. 
,, caper ata, Montf. 
,, hispid a, Linn. 
Succinea putris, Linn. 
Zua lubrica , Mull. 
Clausilia bidens, Mull. 
Limnea stagnalis, Linn. 
,, peregra, Miill., sp. 
,, auricularia, Linn., sp. 
,, palustris, Linn., sp. 
Limnea truncatula , Miill., sp. 
Planorbis corneas, Linn., sp. 
,, carinatus, Miill., sp. 
,, vortex, Linn., sp. 
Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill., sp. 
Valvata piscinalis, Miill. 
Bithinia tentaculata, Linn. 
,, ventricosa, Gray. 
Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. 
Unio tumulus, Retz. 
,, pictormn, Linn. 
Fisidium amnicum, Miill. 
Cyclas cornea, Linn. 
Besides the Mollusca, the peat and shell-marl together 
yielded many evidences of man and his works. There were 
numerous skulls and portions of skeletons of both historic 
and prehistoric Britons, and remains of weapons showing the 
same variety of date. There were also found bronze spears 
and arrow-heads, a bronze knife, a bronze handle of a late 
Celtic dagger, and various examples of late Celtic earthen 
pots (some hand-made, and some turned with a wheel); and 
lastly, a flint scraper which I extracted myself from an 
undisturbed bed of dark loamy clay, three feet below the 
surface. 
List of Mammalian and other remains obtained from the 
peat and sliell-marl at the Reservoirs of the East London 
Water-works Company, Walthamstow Marshes, Essex 
(1869):— 
Mammalia. 
Man.—By his osseous remains, and implements in stone, 
bone, bronze, and iron. 
Canis lupus, Linn. The Wolf.—Common. 
Vulpes vulgaris, Briss. Fox.—Not common. 
Castor europams, Owen. Beaver.—Several examples. 
Equus caballus, Linn. Horse.—Abundant. 
Sus scrofa-ferox, Linn, Wild Boar,—Abundant, 
