114 
Prim aval Man in the Valley of the Lea. 
unabraded tools and flakes; in the part illustrated the 
“floor” is in duplicate. After the men had made their tools 
on the “ floor ” where the lower d’s occur, a slight flood of 
water covered up the tools with a thin coating of sand; the 
men then walked over the newly-deposited material, and 
made other tools on the new “ floor.” The two white streaks 
on the top of the upper “ floor” are London-clay mixed with 
sand. Sometimes the tools and flakes are to be seen in this 
clay, but of course they were washed into it in Palaeolithic 
times by floods. Above the “floor” is sandy loam and 
loamy sand; the uppermost part, and sometimes the whole 
of the material above the “ floor,” is not water-laid ; in other 
words, it is one form of “trail” and “warp”; above this 
“ trail,” and where the darker tint is engraved, is humus, 
with Neolithic celts and flakes. 
When the material above the “floor” is carefully removed, 
as I have so had it removed for me several times, the surface 
of the old working-place is exposed. The stones are chiefly 
subangular broken flints, under the average size, the crust 
sometimes ochreous, at other times grey, quartzite pebbles, 
pieces of sandstone, a few pieces of quartz, cretaceous fossils, 
and numerous small grey flint pebbles, with traces of chalk. 
Intermixed with these stones are large numbers of keen 
lustrous flakes and many implements, all sharp, and as a 
rule (not without exceptions') small in size and well made, 
some so exquisitely made as to rival the best Neolithic work. 
With these tools, fossil bones, mostly broken, belonging to 
the Mammoth, Horse, Bison, and Reindeer, occur with 
broken tusks, teeth, and antlers of the same and other 
animals ; human bones and teeth I have never been able to 
light on. The reasons why human bones are not found 
amongst the fossils are many, and they have been pointed out 
by every writer who has treated of the subject of the antiquity 
of man. Human bones are very liable to decay; few bones so 
small as human bones are ever found. Primaeval men may have 
buried their dead, but if the bodies were left unburied, hyaenas 
and other animals would eat every scrap. Still the human 
pelvis bones are large, and heavy enough for preservation ; 
