Prim aval Man in the Valley of the Lea. 127 
of horse shoe and side scrapers now indicates that the men 
had possibly learned to rudely dress skins for clothing. Some¬ 
times unfinished implements are found; one of medium age 
from Lower Clapton, London, is illustrated at fig. 13. The 
dotted line shows where the point would have been if the 
maker had finished it. Implements roughly blocked out to 
form, and without any secondary trimming, are common: 
it would appear that the men sometimes first blocked out a 
number of implements rudely with a heavy hammer-stone, 
and afterwards finished with neater fabricating tools. 
An implement in a preparatory stage, of which I have 
many similar examples, is illustrated at fig. 14, from Acton; 
this specimen is 
nowin the British 
Museum, at South 
Kensington. No 
doubt these un¬ 
finished tools and 
weapons were of¬ 
ten put to make¬ 
shift service. Ma¬ 
ny implements 
were accidentally 
shattered in the 
course of manu¬ 
facture, and the 
shattered failures are common in all implementiferous gravels. 
Long after these two classes of tools were buried by floods 
of water deep in the gravel and sand, there lived a third race 
of Palaeolithic men, as far removed from the men who made 
the lustrous subabraded implements as these latter men were 
from the makers of the oclireous and highly-abraded instru¬ 
ments. These newer tools are found at Stoke Newington at 
about 8 feet above the lustrous examples, and generally about 
4 feet beneath the present surface. In some places so much top 
material has been taken off for brick-making that the stratum 
containing the newer implements is almost exposed on the 
surface. Denudation since Palaeolithic times has considerably 
Fig. 14.—Implement in a preparatory stage. 
