On the Species of the Genus Primula in Essex. Ill 
abundance of hybrids between P. elatior and P. vulgaris. 
Further in, and for some miles on in the same easterly 
direction, plenty of True Oxlips, but no Primroses, will be 
seen. If we next enter the wood on the left hand, or 
western side (Westley Wood), plenty of Primroses will be 
found, with a few plants of True Oxlip just on the nearest 
edge. In Burnt End Wood, and all the other woods to the 
westward, abundance of Primroses may be found, but no 
True Oxlips. A reference to the map on page 174 will, I 
hope, make this explanation clearer. I do not know of any 
geological peculiarity which could account for this rigid line 
of demarcation. At Hyde Wood, Little Yeldham, just on the 
extreme N.E. edge oL the Oxlip district, a very similar 
mixture occurs. P. elatior abounds in all the woods for 
many miles to the westward, and is, I believe, unmixed with 
the Primrose; but in this wood the Primrose abounds, and it 
inhabits the whole district to the E. and S.E.; also the 
12-acre Wood and an adjoining one, both,in Belchamp Otten 
parish. Oxlips also occur sparingly in these two woods, and 
more abundantly in the Hyde Wood, where, in a cut down 
part this spring, I found the two species connected by a 
great number of intermediate hybrids. 
Cowslip.— The following localities are given in the ‘ Flora 
of Essex’:— 
“(1) Walden, abundant; (2) Halstead, common; (8) near 
Ongar, Springfield; (4) Walthamstow, Woodford, common; 
Epping; (5) Meadows Shenfield; (6) South Essex; (7) Kel- 
vedon; (8) not found near Dedham, but in some parts of the 
district (W. H. Coleman).” 
This species seems to prefer a chalky soil, and, as might be 
expected, is very abundant in N. and N.W. Essex, where either 
chalk itself (as round Walden) or the Chalky Boulder Clay 
comes to the surface. These conditions only extend as far 
south as Chelmsford, and it is noticeable that the Cowslip is 
almost absent from a very large area, composed of London 
Clay, lying between that place and the Thames. I have no¬ 
where met with it in this district, except sparingly and stunted 
in a meadow near the old church of Laindon Hills, where it 
