upon British Ethnology. 
215 
have arrived at some form but slightly susceptible of modifi¬ 
cation. For example, I have seen the well-known Graham 
spelt in documents of various ages as Grame, Graeme, Greyme, 
and Grahme. Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian surnames 
have, on the whole, been little altered in course of time, but 
Celtic names on the one hand, and those introduced by the 
Normans and Huguenots on the other, must often have been 
so Anglicised as to leave no traces of their origin at the pre¬ 
sent day. No doubt shortly after the Norman Conquest the 
tendency among landowners may have been towards the 
Normanization of surnames, but the surnames of the swarm 
of Norman artisans, and others of the lower social grades, 
must, in the majority of cases, have speedily become more 
English in form. But we know more of what actually oc¬ 
curred in the case of the Huguenots. Mr. Smiles tells us of 
many instances in which Huguenot churches established in 
various localities were closed in the next generation from 
want of members, one of these being at Tliorpe-le-Soken in 
Essex. Old members died, and the young did not fill their 
places, being desirous to identify themselves with the nation 
in whose land they had settled. From a sermon by Mr. 
Bourdillon, minister of the Artillery Church in Spitalfields, 
preached in 1782, we learn that at the time of his appoint¬ 
ment, fifty years before, there were twenty flourishing French 
churches in London. In 1782 nine of them had been closed, 
and the remaining eleven were hastening to their end. Of 
the original French surnames of the members of these once 
numerous congregations but few now exist, the great majority 
having been Anglicised in a variety of ways. Thus while 
D’Aetli has become Death ; Boucliier, Butcher; and Bour¬ 
geois, Burgess; L’Oiseau has been translated into Bird, Le 
Jeiuie into Young, Le Noir into Black, Le Boy into King, 
and Le Fevre into Smith. Again, Dieudonne has been altered 
into Dudney, Brasseur into Brassey, and De Moulins into 
Mullins. Many other examples might be given, but the above 
are enough to illustrate the processes of conversion. 
After a careful consideration of the evidence bearing upon 
the question, Dr. Beddoe is inclined to consider that the 
