16 
The Presidential Address. 
Yew, 12 Holly, 13 Hazel, 14 Hornbeam, 15 Birch, Ash, Hawthorn, 
Alder, Willows, Aspen, Spindle-tree, Cornel, Buckthorn, 
Elder, Wych Elm (Uhnus montana), Guelder Roses, Maple, 
Apple, Mountain Ash, Sloe, Bullace, and, I believe, the Beech 
and the Wild Cherries. I am more doubtful as to whether 
it contained a Linden or a Common Elm (Ulmus campestris, 
With.), and still more so as to the presence of the Privet. 
The last tree appears indigenous in the south of Ireland, and 
perhaps on the Sussex Downs, but hardly in Essex. The Elm 
is confined to the south of England, and may have been 
introduced with the Vine by the Romans. It is a hedgerow 
rather than a forest tree, though no conclusion can be drawn 
from its not often ripening seed in England, as this is 
originated. It must probably have spread to Ireland through England. 
See “ On the Origin and Distribution of the British Flora,” Trans. Essex 
F. Club, vol. ii., p. 75, and DeCandolle, ‘ Geographie Botanique,’ p. 1064. 
12 The Yew is found in Irish peat-bogs, and existing trees may be more 
than 2000 years old. “ The remains of many ligneous plants have been 
found at the bottom of the peat, rooted in the clay upon which they grew, 
such as the Hazel.Dugdale states that Oak and Fir trees have 
been found with their roots in the firm earth below the peat; and that in 
Marshland, a part of the Fen lying between Wisbech and the sea, Furze- 
bushes and Nut-trees rooted in the solid earth were met with at sixteen 
feet below the present surface. Indeed there can be no doubt that the 
trees, Fir, Oak, Yew, &c., really grew on the soil which is now deeply 
buried.”—Professor Babington, ‘Flora of Cambridgeshire,’ p. xvi. 
13 Ancient Holly trees form the oldest part of the Forest of Dean, round 
the Speech-house, and oaths in the Forest courts were sworn on Holly- 
branches. The tree in Aubrey’s time formed the greater part of the 
Forest of Kingswood, north of Bristol, and it has been noted as associated 
with ancient earthworks on bleak Cornish hills. I have traced it in an 
apparently indigenous condition, through the old Forest of Anderida, and 
certainly its dense growth in Henhault, Theydon Garnon and Epping 
Forests has every appearance of being indigenous. 
14 Hazel-nuts occur commonly in the submerged forests. Hazel rods 
have long been used for divining, aud were buried with Benedictine 
monks. 
15 The Hornbeam I have traced under conditions having every appear¬ 
ance of being indigenous through Sussex and Surrey. It “formed a 
large, perhaps the chief part of the ancient forest on the clay north 
of London, of which Enfield Chase was the remains ” (Tr im en & Dyer, 
‘ Flora of Middlesex ’), as also at ^aseneye Park, Ware. 
