The Presidential Address. 
19 
Blue-bells ( Scilla nutans ), Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia), 
Garlic (Allium ursinum ), Wood Anemones (Anemone nemorosa), 
Violets (Viola sylvatica), Woodruff (Asperula odorata), and 
Kingcups (Ranunculus ficaria), would manage to live and 
flower under the deciduous parts, or where some monarch of 
the glen had succumbed to age or tempest. Such shade-lovers 
as Solomon’s-seal h (Polygoncitum multiflorum), Enchanter’s 
Nightshade (Circcea lutetiana), the Wood-sorrel (Oxalis aceto- 
sella), or the Burdocks would flourish, Ivy and Sanicle may 
have been as abundant as now, and the Green Hellebore still 
more so ; whilst Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and the 
Bryonies ( Tamils and Bryonia ) would scramble towards the 
light. Brambles (Rubi), Canterbury-bells (Campanula traclie- 
Uum), Golden-rod (Solidago virgaurea ) and Betony (Stachys 
betonica ) will flower under a tolerably thick shade ; but even 
in a forest untouched by human hand there must have been 
various open spaces, the close-turfed, thin-soiled down, the 
natural heath, the spot trodden down and manured by the 
herd of forest animals, or the swamp. As I have already said, 
the area of down, for such plants as Clematis, Quinsy-wort 
(Asperula cynancliica), Centaury (Erythrcea), Gentian (Gen- 
tiana amarella), Dropwort [Spircea filipendula'), Wild Thyme, 
Bugloss (Echium), Perfoliate Yellow-wort (Chlora), Best- 
harrow (Ononis), Milkwort (Polygala), Mignonettes (Reseda), 
Barberry (Berberis), Vervain (Verbena), Juniper, the Clustered 
Bell-flower (Campanula glomerata '), the Pasque-flower (Anemone 
pulsatilla), Saxifraga tridactylites and our rarer Orchids, in 
our county must have been small; but probably such flower¬ 
ing plants as these were better able to contend against the 
spreading growth of the social grasses when the downs were 
not kept closely nibbled down by flocks of sheep, or the still 
more destructive goats. 
It would be just on the edge of the forest, where it 
abutted upon down or heath, that such plants as the vetches, 
Bromfield l’a combattu dans le 1 Phytologist ’ (1830, p. 796). Le 
Mezereum est indique co mm e rare, era assez rare, mais spontane dans les 
bois en Normandie.Je ne voit pas pourquoi il n'en aurait pas 
ete de meme primitivement en Angleterre.”—DeCandolle, op. cit., p. 684. 
