210 
Notes on the Evidence bearing 
once the Eoman province of Germania Prima (the present 
Alsace) and around Mayence—districts into which German 
populations had come early and remained long under Eoman 
Eule. These districts abounding in heims shade off into 
others in which names ending in villa or ivilare, weiler or wyl, 
are common. This fact, he remarks, suggests very strongly 
that here, as in England, ham and villa were synonyms for 
the same thing, the former being the German, the latter the 
Latin name. In some instances the name of the same place 
has, in the charters of these districts, the suffix villa or ivilare, 
and sometimes heirn. The Eoman villa is known to have 
been exceedingly like a manor, and a clear and continuous 
connection can often be traced in Gaul between the Eoman 
villa and the manor. Mr. Seebohm also notices the evidence 
of local names ending in ing or ingas. Local names with this 
suffix are found on the continent as well as in England, and 
many writers have called attention to them as the original 
Saxon clan settlements on the basis of the free village com¬ 
munity. But Mr. Seebohm points out that the actual evidence 
as to what a Welsh tribal household was, is more likely to 
guide truly than any theoretical view of the village com¬ 
munity under the German mark system. The tribal house¬ 
hold in Wales was “the joint holding of the heirs of a 
common ancestor from the great-grandfather downwards, 
with redistributions within it to make equality, first between 
brothers, then between cousins, and finally between second 
cousins; the youngest son always retaining the original 
homestead in these divisions.” Now it is well-known that 
in the south-east of England, and especially in Kent (he re¬ 
marks), the custom of Gavelkind has continued to the present 
day, retaining the division among male heirs, and historical 
traces of the right of the youngest son to the original home¬ 
stead. As regards England generally, the map shows that 
the largest number of places mentioned in Domesday Survey 
ending in ing occurs east of a line drawn from the Wash to the 
Isle of Wight, the county where they are most plentiful being 
Sussex. It is a singular thing, he adds, that the personal names 
prefixed in the ings in England, Flanders, the Moselle valley 
