68 
SATYRIDAE 
whitish band blending into the brown of the marginal area ; 
in the middle of the discoidal cell is a whitish spot 
The female is larger than the male and without the central 
dark band of androconial scales. Across the middle of the 
fore wing is an angulated black marking, bordering a broad 
ochreous band crossed by the black nervures and enclosing 
ocellated spots as in the male; then follows an outer marginal 
band angulated on the inner edge. The hind wing is similar to 
that of the male, excepting for a much lighter, median, angulated 
band, continuous with that of the fore wing. The under 
side is almost similar to that of the male, but the basal half 
of the fore wing is deeper fulvous. 
Life of Imago. The life of this butterfly is from four to 
five weeks. 
Aberration. The Grayling is subject to considerable aberra¬ 
tion respecting the pattern and depth of colouring of the under 
side of the hind wing ; specimens occurring on chalky soils 
are usually lighter and the white markings are more strongly 
developed ; those frequenting moorlands and darker-coloured 
soils are generally of deeper colouring and have much less 
white. But this degree of colouring is not always the case, 
as examples of both types, as well as intermediate forms, are 
sometimes found frequenting the same locality. 
The ocellated spots vary considerably, sometimes they are 
very large, with well-developed white centres, or at times 
very small without the white pupils. Extra spots occasionally 
appear both in the fore and hind wings. Albinism and 
gynandromorphism as in other Salyridae are of very rare 
occurrence. 
Genus MANIOLA, Schrank , 1801 
THE HEDGE BROWN 
Maniola tithonus (Linn., 1771). 
(Plate V, facing page 48) 
From some unknown cause this bright and active butterfly 
has disappeared during the past forty years from several 
localities where it used commonly to frequent, chiefly those 
