72 
SATYRIDAE 
of the wing, and a series of white spots each surrounded by a 
fulvous cloud and a similar cloud on the outer margin. 
Female .—This is the larger, the ground colour being a 
lighter orange-fulvous, and there is not the median dark brown 
cloud in the fore wing, otherwise the sexes are similar on 
both surfaces. 
Life of Imago. M. tithonus, like its allies, lives for about 
three weeks. 
Aberration. The Hedge Brown is subject to considerable 
aberration. Specimens having one or more, rarely four, 
ocellated spots below the normal sub-apical ocellus commonly 
occur ; these additional spots are usually on both surfaces 
when they are present. The marginal band varies in breadth 
and in depth of colour. 
Partial albinism occasionally occurs ; the normal ground 
colour being replaced by cream colour in some examples, 
and straw-yellow in others. A rare type of albinism has every 
portion of the normal brown colouring and ocelli replaced by 
a very pale pearl-drab, the fulvous colouring remaining as 
in normal specimens. 
Genus MANIOLA, Schrank , 1801 
THE MEADOW BROWN 
Maniola jurtina (Linn., 1758). 
(Plate II, facing page 14) 
The Meadow Brown may be regarded as the most abundant 
of all British butterflies as it occurs everywhere throughout 
the British Isles as far north as the Orkneys, which apparently 
is the northern limit of its range. 
Haunts. Every field, meadow, down, moorland, wood, 
hedgerow, roadway with grassy borders, every piece of 
waste land, and suburban gardens are all equally suited for 
the haunts of this familiar insect, and it may commonly be 
found on the wing in dull and stormy weather as well as 
on the brightest and hottest days of summer, being regardless 
of the elements. 
Distribution. Abroad, this butterfly occurs throughout 
