THE MEADOW BROWN 
75 
pad of silk by the anal claspers. The ground colour of the 
pupa is a clear, bright green, densely sprinkled with speckles 
and blotches of primrose-yellow, which gives the abdomen a 
yellow hue ; the thorax is speckled with yellow, also the 
dorsal keel is yellow ; the wings are adorned with bold black 
markings. Along the back are two rows of ashy-brown spots 
and small black points, also, a lateral series of black specks. 
The whole produces a strikingly handsome pupa, but in¬ 
dividuals vary in the density 
of colouring and develop¬ 
ment of the markings. The 
pupal state averages about 
twenty-seven days. 
Imago. The average ex¬ 
panse in the male is 50 mm. ; 
in the female, 55 mm. The 
sexual difference is so great 
that they were described by 
Linnaeus, who named the 
male fanira , and the fe¬ 
male jurtina , as distinct 
species. 
Male .—The ground colour 
is fuscous-brown, shot with 
a bronze iridescence, the fore 
wing having an oblique black 
patch of androconial scales 
running below and parallel 
to the discoidal cell ; near 
the apex is a whitc-pupilled black spot, enclosed in a fulvous 
ring and a more or less distinct fulvous blotch below ; the 
fringes are greyish. The under side of fore wing is bright 
fulvous, with a broad and paler band bordered by a brown 
line and enclosing the sub-apical ocellated spot. The apex 
and outer margin are a greyish-buff. The hind wing is 
similar in pattern to the fore wing ; the basal half and the 
marginal border being greyish-brown, the whole surface being 
very finely reticulated and speckled with dark brown ; in 
the pale band there are usually two black spots encircled 
with fulvous, sometimes they have white pupils. Female .— 
The Meadow Brown at rest for the 
night. Sketched from life. 
