102 
NYMPHALIDAE 
Pupa. The pupa measures from 17 mm. to 19 mm. long, 
the largest being females. In general structure and shape it 
most closely resembles the pupa of A. sclene. The head is 
rounded ; the thorax rounded and swollen, sloping off to 
the waist, then increasing in bulk to the third abdominal 
segment, whence the abdomen decreases and curves abruptly 
to the sixth and seventh segments, terminating in a well- 
developed cremaster. Along the ventral surface the abdomen 
is fairly straight ; the wing is swollen near the apex and then 
continues in almost a straight line to the head. 
The colour of the head, thorax and wings is a shining olive- 
brown ; the abdomen is speckled with brown, ochreous, black 
and white. On the third and fourth segments is a clouded 
pearly-white blotch, which spreads in the form of a large 
patch over the margin of the wing. On the back are two 
rows of brilliant, burnished, silver-gilt discs, the largest being 
on the meta-thorax. 
The pupa is suspended by the cremastral hooks to a pad of silk. 
From the one hundred eggs laid on August 7th I obtained 
ninety pupae, and the first two butterflies emerged on 
September 25th, thus the complete transformations from the 
laying of the eggs to emergence of the butterflies occupied 
exactly fifty days. Owing to a cold, damp spell of weather 
setting in just as the butterflies began emerging, only ten out 
of the ninety pupae produced butterflies ; eighty pupae died 
owing to the sudden change in the weather from warmth to cold. 
There is not the slightest doubt that the late autumn climate 
in England is quite unsuited for the existence of this species, 
in the same way as it is fatal to some other migratory species. 
Imago. The average expanse of wing in the male is 46 mm. ; 
in the female, 54 mm. This very beautiful butterfly somewhat 
resembles in shape a miniature A. papkia . 
Upper Side. The fore wing is strongly curved along the 
costal margin and concave on the outer margin ; the hind 
wing is rather angulated at the middle of the outer margin. 
The colour is a rich fulvous, or deep amber, spotted with 
velvety purple-black in freshly-emerged specimens ; the mar¬ 
gins and nervures are outlined with black. The fore wing 
has six costal markings, the basal one being double ; two 
sub-marginal rows of rounded black spots and six other spots 
