THE MARSH FRITILLARY 
121 
body tapers at each end, the first segment is much smaller 
than the second. There are seven rows of rather short, 
shining black conical tubercles, in all seventy-five. The head 
and legs are shining black. The whole of the upper surface 
is velvety-black ; the lateral and ventral surface is sienna- 
brown. The spiracular area is sprinkled with pearl-white spots 
of various sizes, and the black spiracle is surrounded with a 
white floral design, but varying in shape ; some are of a 
regular primrose pat¬ 
tern ; as a series, they 
form a speckled spi¬ 
racular stripe. The 
larval state lasts 
about 290 days. 
Pupa. The pupa 
measures from 127 
mm. to 14*8 mm. 
long. The head is 
rounded with very 
slight triangular 
points, the waist is 
slightly sunken, the 
abdomen is • convex 
and curving to the 
cremastral process, 
the ventral surface 
of the abdomen is 
contracted and the 
wings are swollen. 
The colour of the 
head and thorax is pearl-white ; the wings are whitish and 
more or less clouded with lilac-grey ; the abdomen is pale 
yellowish ; the wings, head and thorax are boldly marked 
with black, forming wavy bands, and orange knobs replace the 
larval tubercles. The pupa is attached to a pad of silk by the 
cremastral hooks. 
The pupal stage lasts about fifteen days. 
Imago. The average expanse of the wings in the male is 
42 mm. ; in the female, 48 mm. The sexes are similar in 
colour and pattern, but very variable. 
The Marsh Fritillary depositing its eggs. 
Sketched from life, 23.6.1904. 
