132 
NYMPHALIDAE 
Scattered over the body are 113 tubercles, numerically 
arranged thus : first segment 4 ; second segment 10 ; third 
segment 10 ; fourth to tenth segments 11 each ; eleventh 
segment S ; twelfth segment 4. These are all conical and 
fleshy, in colour whitish tinged with amber ; all are covered 
with numerous fine black spinelets. The whole surface of the 
body is extremely finely granulated with minute points 
and is densely sprinkled with black hairs, each rising from 
a white spot. The ground colour is velvety-black. The 
ventral surface is inclining to olive and the claspers 
are pale green ; the head is a shining bronze-black, with 
white specks on the crown. The larval stage lasts about 318 
days. 
Pupa. The pupa measures 127 mm. long. The head is 
angular; the thorax is convex, sunken at the waist ; the 
abdomen is convex and curving to the extremity ; the ventral 
surface of the segments is contracted and slightly concave. 
The ground colour is pearl-white, the whole surface, except 
the abdomen, is minutely striated, the latter being granular. 
The head, thorax, wings and legs are boldly checkered with 
black. The wing nervures are ochreous. The abdomen is 
transversely banded over the anterior half of each segment 
with black, on 
which are con- 
ical orange 
knobs, replacing 
the tubercles of 
the larva. The 
pupa is sus- 
pended by 
the cremastral 
hooks. The pu¬ 
pal state lasts 
fifteen days. 
Imago. The 
average ex¬ 
panse of the 
wings in the 
The Heath Fritillary depositing eggs. Sketched male is 40 mm. ; 
from life, 28.6.1907. in the female, 
