152 
NYMPHALIDAE 
spiracles, which are black outlined with yellow. The legs and 
anal pair of claspers are black, the remaining claspers are green. 
In their last stage the larvae separate and live in solitude, 
often folding up a leaf by drawing the edges together with 
silk. In this a single larva lives and feeds, while the others 
disperse over the plants and rest exposed on the leaves. When 
ready for pupation, the larvae often wander a long distance 
from their food plants in search of suitable places to spin 
upon. I have found pupae between 50 and 60 yards from 
the nearest nettles. 
Pupa. The pupa is 
slender in proportion and 
measures from 20 mm. to 
22 mm. long. The head 
is bilobed, having a pair 
of well-developed lateral 
conical points ; the thorax 
rises to a central triangular 
point and is sunken at the 
waist. The abdomen is 
swollen at the middle and 
curving to the anal seg¬ 
ment, which terminates in 
a strongly-developed cre¬ 
master bearing a dense 
mass of hooks. Along the 
dorsal surface are three 
The Small Tortoiseshell hibernating on 
the ceiling of a room. Sketched from life. 
13.10.1899. 
rows of conical points representing the dorsal tubercles. 
The colouring varies greatly in different specimens ; even 
in the same brood, all reared and pupated together side by 
side under precisely similar conditions, they vary from 
beautifully gilded forms to dull smoky-brown types, others 
being intermediate between these extremes. Some have a 
delicate lilac-pink ground colour, washed with metallic copper 
over the thorax, and opalescent at the base of the dorsal 
points. The entire surface is finely reticulated and speckled 
with buff, brown and black. In the darker forms, a dusky- 
olive band passes obliquely across the wing and a blotch of 
the same colour spreads over the apex; also the dorsal 
surface is checkered with dusky oblique markings. 
