i86 
NYMPHALIDAE 
tivity it pupates on the upper surface of the leaf. The larval 
state lasts about three hundred days. 
Pupa. Both in shape and colour the pupa bears a great re¬ 
semblance to the under side of a Sallow-leaf. Average measure¬ 
ment of the male pupa is 30 mm. long and 12 70 mm. wide across 
the base of the wings. Female averages 35 mm. in length. 
Side View. The head is sharply pointed ; from the apex 
the outline gradually rises in a curve to the abdomen, which 
is highest at the third segment ; it then slopes in a curve to 
the anal segment, which ends in a long cremaster with an 
ample supply of brown hooks that are firmly anchored to a 
pad of silk to which it is suspended. The ventral outline 
is almost straight. Dorsal View. The head is cleft, in the 
form of two sharply-pointed horns. From the point of each 
runs a fine keel; between these is a deep furrow ; a simple 
central keel runs to the anal segment; the abdomen is narrow 
and tapering ; the wings are rather swollen. 
The entire colouring is a pale whitish-green, exactly the 
colour of the under surface of a Sallow leaf. There are seven 
oblique sub-dorsal stripes dark green above and white below. 
The wings and neuration are outlined with white ; these and 
the oblique markings resemble the veining of the leaf. The 
pupal state lasts fourteen days. 
Imago. The sexual difference is very distinct. The female 
is considerably the larger with a wing expanse of 84 mm., 
and is without the iridescent purple ; the ground colour is 
lighter and the white bands are broader. 
Male. The average expanse of the wings is 76 mm. In 
shape the wings are exactly similar to those of P. cardui ; 
the outer margin of fore wing is concave, and that of the hind 
wing almost straight. The ground colour is brown-black, shot 
with brilliant rich purple and banded and spotted with white. 
Near the apex of the fore wing are two small white spots ; a 
row of five larger spots extends across the wing from near 
the costa towards the anal angle; and three others in the 
centre extend to the inner margin. Continuous with these 
is a broad white median band crossing the hind wing. A 
fulvous ring encircles a black spot above the anal angle, 
which is blotched with fulvous. A pale greyish sub-marginal 
stripe extends along both fore and hind wings. 
