RIODINIDAE 
198 
in longitudinal rows and there are two transverse black bands 
on the head and along the inner margin of the wing. Except 
for the wings, the surface is densely studded with various-sized 
warts of different shades of brown, all emitting bristles of 
varying lengths ; some are of considerable length and 
pectinated. The pupa is attached to the under surface of a 
leaf or stem by a cincture round the waist and the cremastral 
hooks to a pad of silk. The pupal state lasts from about 
the middle of July until the middle or end of the following May. 
Imago. The sexual difference is fairly distinct. The average 
wing expanse is 29 mm. in the male ; 32 mm. in the female. 
Male. ( Upper Side.) The ground colour is fuscous ; the 
fore wing has three bright orange-tawny irregular transverse 
bands broken up by the black nervures ; the outer band 
consists of conical-shaped markings, each enclosing a black 
spot. The hind wing has a median row of orange-tawny 
spots, varying from three to five, and a double row of outer 
marginal crescents enclosing black spots ; the outer margins 
are outlined with black ; the fringes are white checkered with 
fuscous. The eyes are hairy. ( Under Side.) The fore wing 
is similar to the upper side in pattern, but has straw-yellow 
spots on a fulvous ground, and two straw-white bands com¬ 
posed of oblong spots edged with black on the hind wing, 
and a sub-marginal series of black conical spots. 
Female. The female differs from the male in being usually 
larger; the wings are broader ; the outer margin of the 
fore wing is more rounded, and the apex is less pointed ; the 
orange markings are larger and lighter in colour. 
Life of Imago. This restless little butterfly, with a short 
but rapid flight, is somewhat short-lived. Probably between 
two and three weeks is the normal period for it to remain 
on the wing, as the average time for the appearance of this 
species does not extend over a month. 
Aberration. The aberration in H. lucina consists chiefly in 
the development of the markings in the hind wings and in 
the general depth of colouring, especially in the male, which 
is usually much darker in the hind wings. While in the 
female the tawny markings are often much increased in size. 
Occasionally the black markings are much reduced in size or 
almost obsolete, respecting median bands in the fore wings 
