THE LARGE COPPER 265 
minutes after pupating ; in twenty-four hours the colouring 
and markings are matured. 
Colouring. The head, thorax and wings are a pale ochreous. 
The abdomen is ochreous-brown dorsally ; there is a sub¬ 
dorsal series of oblique yellow-ochreous stripes bordered below 
by a dark brown band speckled with buffish-white ; the rest 
is olive-brown, blending into ochreous at the extremity ; the 
spiracles are whitish and prominent. The thorax is speckled 
with olive-brown and there is a dusky-brown longitudinal 
streak. The whole of the head, thorax and abdomen is 
sprinkled with minute whitish floral, vase-like processes, 
which expand into cleft petal-like formations surrounding the 
mouth of the vase ; the surface is also covered with tiny 
circular discs and raised dark brown and black reticulations 
of an irregular network pattern; also on the head are 
numerous minute white hairs with branching tips—the whole 
producing a wonderfully elaborate and decorative surface. 
Before emergence, the entire colouring deepens, until finally 
the colouration of the imago is clearly shown through the 
shell. The pupa is firmly attached to the stem or leaf of the 
food plant by the cremastral hooks securely anchored to a 
pad of silk, and by a cincture round the waist. 
Upon microscopical examination of a pupa of L. dispar 
and one of ab. rutilus, I found both identical in structure 
in every detail. In August, 1906, I received living females 
of rutilus from Colmar, Alsace-Lorraine. These deposited 
freely on both Dock and Sorrel. The eggs hatched at the 
end of August and early in September. The larvae fed and 
grew much more slowly than those of the summer brood. 
During September they moulted once, and entered into 
hibernation in the beginning of October. 
In December I carefully examined the two plants upon 
which all the larvae hibernated and found that those upon 
the living plant with plenty of green leaves were all dead, 
while a large number of those upon the plant that had quite 
died down and that had only brown shrivelled leaves, were 
alive and apparently healthy, and were hibernating in the 
folds of the damp, decayed leaves. 
Before hibernating, the larva gradually changes from a 
brilliant green to a somewhat lilac hue, and becomes more 
