THE ORANGE TIP 
3i9 
The normal duration of the pupal stage is between ten 
and eleven months. A specimen I kept under observation 
from the day of pupation until the emergence of the butterfly 
remained in the chrysalis state for 329 days. 
Owing to the great resemblance of the pupa to a seed- 
vessel of the food plant, it is usually believed that the stem 
of the plant is the usual object to which the pupa is attached, 
and, owing to 
its protective 
resemblance 
so passes its 
long exist¬ 
ence of ten 
or eleven 
months in 
security 
against the 
attacks of 
birds and 
other natural 
enemies. But 
apparently, 
such is not 
the case in 
a state of 
nature, as in 
most cases 
the stems of 
the food 
plants are The Orange Tip. Sketched from life, 
subject to de¬ 
struction during the winter, when the pupa would likewise 
perish. Therefore, in all probability, it is very seldom that 
the pupa is spun up on the food plant. The only instance I 
personally know of a pupa being found on its food plant was 
that of a green specimen attached to a brown, withered stem 
of Garlic Mustard during mid-winter. For the purpose of 
pupation the larva probably selects some branch or stem in 
a hedgerow or some other rank vegetation. The pupal stage 
lasts about eleven months. 
