334 
PIERIDAE 
black dots which form a sub-spiracular series, and below a 
series of purplish-brown blotches. The pupa is attached to 
the stem, or leaf of a plant, by a silken cincture round the 
middle and by the cremastral hooks to a layer of silk. The 
pupal state occupies about eighteen days. 
Imago. The expanse of the wings averages 57 mm. in the 
male and 60 mm. in the female. 
Male. (Upper Side.) The normal ground colour is rich 
orange, both fore and hind wings having broad black marginal 
bands; that of the fore wing is very broad at the apex and 
extends over one-third of the costa. In all freshly-emerged 
specimens the band is finely dusted with yellow scales, which 
are very readily detached and are usually lost after flight. 
Some of the nervures crossing the band are yellow. At the 
end of the discoidal cell is a black spot; the base of the wing 
is dusky ; the hind wing has a narrower black band without 
the dusting of yellow scales, and a large central orange spot 
more or less shaped like the figure 8. The orange ground 
colour is dusted with yellow scales, densest at the base. 
(Under Side.) The costa, apex and margin of the fore wing 
and the whole of the hind wing are citrine-yellow. The costal 
half of the fore wing is orange and the lower half, cream-yellow, 
the discoidal spot being similar to that bn the upper side. 
The markings on the under side are similar to those of C. hyale. 
The central figure 8 spot has silver centres. 
Female. This differs from the male in having a series of 
yellow spots running through the marginal bands of both 
fore and hind wings. The wings are finely margined with 
pink and yellow ; the antennae, costa of the fore wings, front 
of the thorax and the legs are all rich pink. 
Life of Imago. The duration of life of this butterfly is 
probably about four weeks. 
Aberration. C. croccus is subject to considerable aberration. 
In both sexes the ground colour varies from lemon-yellow to 
deep orange. The markings are very variable. The marginal 
bands in the female vary greatly as regards the yellow spots. 
In some they are large and form a continuous row, while in 
others they are occasionally obsolete. In the male the ground 
colour is sometimes very beautifully shot with brilliant 
amethyst. 
