37 
No. XII.—TEMPERATURE OP THE BODY. 
In making observations on the temperature of the body the 
observer should use a clinical thermometer which lias been 
manufactured for two or three years and been afterwards 
tested with a standard instrument so as to ascertain the 
amount of error in its graduation. Such an instrument may 
be obtained with a certificate from Kew Observatory 
through any good instrument maker. If possible the 
traveller should have his thermometer re-tested at intervals 
to ascertain if any variation has occurred in it. 
The temperature of the body is ascertained by placing 
the bulb of the thermometer under the tongue for from 
one to five minutes, according to the sensitiveness of 
the instrument used, the mouth meanwhile being closed 
round the stem and breathing carried on entirely 
through the nostrils. The temperature of the surround¬ 
ing air must at the same time be ascertained with an 
ordinary thermometer and noted. Previously to the obser¬ 
vation being made the subject should have been resting in 
the shade for a while and should not have partaken of food 
for about two hours. The observations should be repeated 
several times, and may be made under different conditions of 
body, the typical observation, however, is when the person 
is fasting and at rest. The temperature taken in the Axilla 
is not sufficiently accurate for Anthropographical purposes. 
J. Gr. Gr. 
No. XIII.—CIRCULATION AND RESPIRA¬ 
TION. 
The frequency of the pulse-beat should be observed while 
the subject is at rest in a sitting posture, and should be 
noted at the same time of day and under the same condi- 
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