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No. XXX.—MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT. 
Magic includes the results of two principles. On the one 
hand it may seek the aid of spiritual beings, in which case its 
theory forms part of that of religion ; on the other hand it 
deals in sympathetic and symbolic hurts and cures, discoveries 
and communications, supposed to take place by the way of 
cause and effect, so that it is here a misdevelopment of natural 
philosophy. In all cases it is desirable to describe not only 
the magical method used, but its supposed motive and action. 
1. Are magic arts held lawful or unlawful ? or is there both 
a “ black magic ” and a “ white magic ” ? 2. Are they practised 
among the people at large ? or is the craft set apart to special 
sorcerers, witches, &c. ; 3. Are these priests, or connected 
with religion ? or is there jealousy or hostility between the 
priest and the sorcerer ? 4. What manner of people are the 
magicians ? what lives do they lead ? do they follow useful 
occupations, as rude herbalists or surgeons, &c. ? 5. Are they 
largely rewarded, applied to in times of calamity ? and is it 
usual for the mob to fall on them in times of misfortune, so 
that they seldom die a natural death ? 
6. Are spirits or demons called on to give oracles, disclose 
secrets, do good or harm ? 7. Are they propitiated or in¬ 
fluenced by sacrifices, prayers, charms, symbolic rites, &c. ? 
8. Have magicians the aid of familiar spirits ? 9. Do they 
associate these with particular objects or fetishes, such as 
images, pictures, odd stones, or bits of wood, claws, seeds, and 
other things ? 10. Are objects regarded as possessed or in¬ 
fluenced by spirits to give magical omens, discover thieves, 
&c. ? 11. Are drums, rattles, &c., used in such incantations? 
12. Are particular songs or charms connected with these rites 
known ? 
13. Is the effect of the evil eye believed in ? Is cursing or 
ill-wishing dreaded as a practical means of doing harm ? 14. 
How are these supposed to act on the victim? 15. Is he 
allowed to know of the curse ? and does he actually fulfil it 
