words which are direct imitations of noises, cries of animals, 
&c., like puff, mew, rat-tat, &c. ? and does such imitation of 
sound prevail largely in the language ? 7. What is the gram¬ 
matical structure of the language ? are roots or crude forms, 
&c. clearly discernible in it ? and by what arrangement of: 
particles, inflexions, &c. are these built up into words ? 8 
Are particles, such as prepositions, pronouns, adverbs, &c., 
combined in the words, or do they stand separately ? 9. Are- 
prefixes or suffixes used ? 9 a. How are plurals formed ? by 
suffixes ? and if so, has this suffix an independent meaning ? 
10. Are changes of vowel or consonant usual in inflexion, 
&c.? 11. Are compound words usual, and how formed? 
is there a tendency to contract compound words into 
shorter forms in which the original words are mutilated ? 
1*2. Are there diminutive or augmentative words ? and 
do changes of sound cause such changes of meaning ? 13 
How are genders indicated ? and do they relate to difference 
of sex or to the difference between animate and inanimate ? 
14. Are there forms of number and case in nouns and adjec¬ 
tives ? 15. What are the numerals ? and do they show any 
traces of derivation from reckoning by fingers and toes, such 
as the words hand, foot, man, to indicate 5, 10, 20, &e., or 
their compounds? (See No. LX. Arithmetic.) 16. How 
are the moods and tenses of verbs indicated ? 17. What are 
the rules of syntax? are the relations of subject, object, predi¬ 
cate, indicated by grammatical inflexions or by their place in 
the sentence, or both ? 18. Is the language a dialect of some 
well-known family ? and if so, where does it principally 
differ from well-known languages of that family ? 19. Are 
there neighbouring dialects of the same stock? and if so, are 
they mutually intelligible, or at least recognized as allied, by 
the tribes speaking them ? 20. What traces are there of 
words having changed within the memory of man ? 21. 
Are words to be noticed as borrowed from other languages ? 
22. Are there any unusual sounds in the language such as 
the Kafir click, strong gutturals, &c. ? 
E. B. T. 
