186 
in the country connected with these or similar holes ? 
26. Note the topographical position, whether situated on 
hill-tops, on the terraces of river-valleys, and so forth. 
27. Note the age of any trees growing within or upon these 
or similar monuments. 28. Is there any evidence of the 
stones having formerly been covered by a tumulus ? 29 
Describe all the varieties that exist, and ascertain, if possible, 
whether the varieties of form are due to original design or to 
subsequent dilapidations. 30. What is the greatest observed 
size of single stones ? Is the stone used found close to hand, 
or has it bsen brought from a distance 1 ? 31. Are they ever 
daubed with red or any other colouring matter ? 32. Recount 
any traditions of the inhabitants respecting these monu¬ 
ments. 33. Are votive offerings still made at these monu¬ 
ments 1 and have the superstitions connected with them been 
incorporated into the religion of the period % 
Tumuli .— Burial-places. —34. Take sections of the surface 
of tumuli, when possible, before excavating them ; drive in 
a peg in some spot where it is not likely to be covered by 
the excavated material, and let this be a standard of reference 
for the levels of all objects discovered in the tumulus. 
35. Cut a trench from the outside towards the centre at least 
one half the width of the tumulus, throwing back the earth ; 
be careful to reach the undisturbed soil everywhere ; look 
out for holes in the undisturbed soil, and examine their 
contents carefully ; when the central interment is reached, 
dig downwards over it from the top. 36. Note the levels of 
any layers of charcoal that may occur, also animal remains. 
37. If the tumulus has been used as a place of interment 
subsequently to its original construction, distinguish carefully 
the primary from the secondary interments. 38. For relics 
deposited with the dead see No. LVIII. 39. Take the compass- 
bearings of all interments, preserve the skulls, if possible, 
with the lower jaws, and even any fragments of skulls, and 
measure the bones ; make sketches of the relative position of 
the bones. 
Ancient Entrenchments. — 40. (XLVII., War.) Cut into the 
ditches of ancient intrenchments in search of any relics 
